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rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj



                    uksV          z   blls Li"V gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr dh ifjHkk"kk o çd`fr dh rjg bldk fo"k;&{ks=k Hkh fookn dk fo"k;
                                      gS blosQ {kss=k dks ysdj ijEijkokfn;ksa o vkèkqfud jktuhfr&'kkfL=k;ksa esa xgjk erHksn gSA thu Cyks.Msy Jean
                                      Blondel)  us ;g fookn nks ckrksa ls lEcfUèkr crk;k gSA igyk gS rqyukRed jktuhfr dh lhek lEcUèkh
                                      o nwljk gS ekudksa o O;ogkjksa osQ ikjLifjd lEcUèkksa lEcUèkh fooknA
                                  z   bl çdkj] rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk çeq[kr;k 'kklu&fØ;k osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwers jktuhfrd O;ogkj osQ
                                      rqyukRed vè;;u ls gSA ijUrq 'kklu&fØ;k rhu Lrjksa ij lapkfyr gksrh gS ;k ;ksa dgsa fd ewY;ksa dk vfèkd`r
                                      vkoaVu rhu Lrjksa ij ifjpkfyr gksrk gSA blfy,] ¶rqyukRed jktuhfr  esa ifjpkyurk (operations) osQ
                                      bu Lrjksa dk] ftuls ewY;ksa dk vkaoVu gksrk gS] ijh{k.k djuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA¸ ;g rhu Lrj gSaμ
                                      (1) ewY;ksa o xUrO;ksa dk fu;eu (formulation of values and goals)

                                      (2) ewY;ksa dks vkRelkr djuk o fufnZ"V fu.kZ;ksa esa :ikUrj.k (digestion of values and their transformation
                                         in goal decisions)
                                      (3) fu.kZ;ksa dk dk;kZUo;u (implementation of decisions)
                                  z   O;ogkjoknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks ,d bysDVªksfud (electronic) ;U=k osQ :i esa ns[krs gSaA 'kklu&rU=k
                                      f}&ekxhZ çpkyu gSA ;g ,d ,slh e'khu gS] tks laosQr (signals) xzg.k djrh gS vkSj budk vU; laosQrksa
                                      esa :ikUrj.k djrh gSA rqyukRed jktuhfr dk lEcUèk 'kklu&rU=k }kjk xzg.k fd;s x;s laosQrksa o muosQ
                                      :ikUrj.k dh çfØ;k ls gSA bl çdkj rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ vè;;u&{ks=k esa] jktuhfrd lekt esa ewY;ksa
                                      o xUrO;ksa osQ fu;eu dh çfØ;kvksa] bu ewY;ksa dks 'kklu&rU=k }kjk vkRelkr djuk o fufnZ"V fu.kZ;ksa esa
                                      :ikUrj vkSj Lohd`r fu.kZ;ksa osQ dk;kZUo;u ls lEc¼ çfØ;k,¡ lfEefyr dh tkrh gSaA
                                  z   rqyukRed jktuhfrd dk bfrgkl yxHkx mruk gh çkphu gS ftruk jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl gS lEiw.kZ
                                      fyf[kr bfrgkl gh rqyukRed jktuhfr dk bfrgkl dgk tk ldrk gSA blosQ loZçFke fpUrd o ys[kd
                                      gksus dk Js; vjLrw dks gh çkIr gSA vjLrw dh Hkwfedk rqyukRed jktuhfr dks Bksl vkèkkj nsus esa u osQoy
                                      egÙoiw.kZ ekuh tkrh gS] oju~ dbZ dkj.kksa ls ekSfyd Hkh dgh tk ldrh gSA vjLrw us ftu leL;kvksa dks
                                      rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, pquk o ftu i¼fr;ksa dk jktuhfrd vè;;u esa çpyu fd;k] os vkt Hkh
                                      rqyukRed jktuhfr esa çpfyr gSaA
                                  z   vjLrw us rqyukRed jktuhfr ij osQoy lS¼kfUrd cy gh ugha fn;k] vfirq rRdkyhu fo'o esa çpfyr 158
                                      lafoèkkuksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k djosQ jktuhfrd vè;;u dks lqfuf'pr rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr fd;kA
                                      vkuqHkfod fo'ys"k.k dk ;g loZçFke ç;ksx FkkA vjLrw us viuh iqLrd iksfyfVDl esa jktuhfr dh vè;;u
                                      i¼fr;ksa lEcUèkh ç'u mBk;s vkSj vusdksa ç'uksa dk Lo;a gh bl iqLrd esa mÙkj Hkh fn;kA
                                  z   rqyukRed jktuhfr dk vkèkqfud vè;;u] iqu%tkxj.k dky osQ jktuhfrd fpUru ls vkjEHk gqvk ekuk tkrk
                                      gSA bl dky esa jkT; dks ^nSoh* (divine) ugha ^ekuod`r* ekuk x;k vkSj blfy, blosQ iquxZBu ;k uo&fuekZ.k
                                      dk ;k ;ksa dgsa blesa lqèkkj ekxZ ç'kLr gqvkA
                                  z   rqyukRed jktuhfr dks rks eSfd;kosyh dh egÙoiw.kZ nsu jgh gS] D;ksafd mlosQ jktuhfr lEcUèkh lHkh fu"d"kZ
                                      fofHk 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa osQ rqyukRed vè;;u ij gh vkèkkfjr gSaA mldh iqLrd fçUl (Prince) osQ vè;;u
                                      ls] rqyukRed jktuhfrd vuq'kklu dks mldh nsu dk laosQr feyrk gSA bl iqLrd esa eSfd;kosyh us ;g
                                      fopkj O;Dr fd;k gS fd jktuhfr dk O;ofLFkr o rqyukRed vè;;u D;ksa vko';d gS\ mlosQ fpUru o
                                      ys[ku ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd jkT; euq"; }kjk fufeZr laLFkk gS vkSj jktuhfr dk mís'; lkekftd vfHk;U=k.k
                                      (social engineering) gSA
                                  z   eSfd;kosyh lekt dks lacaèkksa dk çrhd crkdj bu lEcUèkksa dh fHkUurk dk laosQr nsrk gSA ;g lEcUèk ,d
                                      ns'k esa gh fHkÂ&fHk çdkj osQ ugha gksrs] oju~~ gj ns'k esa vyx&vyx çdkj gksrs gSaA





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