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Unit 7: Windows Operating Systems

Notes
Like the insertion sort it is based on, library sort is a stable comparison sort and
can be run as an online algorithm; however, it was shown to have a high probability
of running in O(n log n) time (comparable to quicksort), rather than an insertion
2
sort’s O(n ). Its implementation is very similar to a skip list. The drawback to
using the library sort is that it requires extra space for the gaps.

7.6 Flowchart

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes
of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. This diagrammatic representation
can give a step-by-step solution to a given problem. Process operations are represented in these
boxes, and arrows connecting them represent flow of control. Data flows are not typically represented
in a flowchart, in contrast with data flow diagrams; rather, they are implied by the sequencing of
operations. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or
program in various fields.
Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting complex processes. Like other types of diagram,
they help visualize what is going on and thereby help the viewer to understand a process, and
perhaps also find flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-obvious features within it. There are many
different types of flowcharts, and each type has its own repertoire of boxes and notational
conventions. The two most common types of boxes in a flowchart are:
• A processing step, usually called activity, and denoted as a rectangular box
• A decision, usually denoted as a diamond.
A flowchart is described as “cross-functional” when the page is divided into different swim
lanes describing the control of different organizational units. A symbol appearing in a particular
“lane” is within the control of that organizational unit. This technique allows the author to locate
the responsibility for performing an action or making a decision correctly, showing the responsibility
of each organizational unit for different parts of a single process.

Self Assessment

Fill in the blanks:
1. A user cannot run an application program on the computer without an ...... .
2. Your system will ask you to install more software call a ...... .
3. In simple words an ...... is a step-by-step procedure for calculation.

4. ...... are used in analyzing, designing documenting or managing a process or program in
various fields.

7.7 Summary

• An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and
provide common services for application software.
• A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer system concur-
rently.

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