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Foundation of Library and Information Science

Notes Having said that, practically all national copyright laws provide for the protection of the following
types of works:

literary works: novels, short stories, poems, and any other writings, irrespective of their
content (fiction or non-fiction), length, purpose (amusement, education, information,
advertisement, propaganda, etc.), form (handwritten typed, printed; book, pamphlet, single
sheets, newspaper, magazine); whether published or unpublished; in most countries “oral
works”, that is, works not reduced to writing, (such as lectures, addresses and sermons)
are also protected by the copyright law,
musical works: whether serious or light; songs, choruses, operas, musicals, operettas; if
for instruction, whether for one instrument (solos), a few instruments (sonatas, chamber
music, etc.), or many (bands, orchestras);

artistic works: whether two-dimensional (drawings, paintings, etchings, lithographs, etc.)
or three-dimensional (sculptures, architectural works), irrespective of content
(representational or abstract) and destination (“pure” art, for advertisement, etc.);
maps and technical drawings;

photographic works; irrespective of the subject matter (portraits, landscapes, current events,
etc.) and the purpose for which made;

motion pictures (“cinematographic works”): whether silent or with a sound track, and
irrespective of their purpose (theatrical exhibition, television broadcasting, etc.), their
genre (film dramas, documentaries, newsreels, etc.), length, method employed (filming
“live”, cartoons, etc.), or technical process used (pictures on transparent film, video tapes,
DVDs, etc.);
dramatic works, such as plays;

choreographic works (such as ballet, be it classical or modern) and entertainments in
dumb show;

computer programs
Many copyright laws protect also “works of applied art” (artistic jewelry, lamps, wallpaper,
furniture, etc.). Some regard phonograph records, tapes and broadcasts also as works. But the
latter are generally protected under the category of related rights (Please refer to unit on Related
Rights).

13.1.2 How to obtain Copyright?

In order to secure copyright protection what is required is that the author must have bestowed
upon the work sufficient judgment, skill and labour or capital. It is immaterial whether the
work is wise or foolish, accurate or inaccurate or whether it has or has not any literary merit. In
order to qualify for copyrights the works apart from being original, should satisfy the following
conditions (except in the case of foreign works):

The work is first published in India.
Where the work is first published outside India the author, at the date of publication must
be a citizen of India. If the publication was made after the authors’ death the author must
have been at the time of his death a citizen of India.

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