Page 64 - DLIS401_METHODOLOGY_OF_RESEARCH_AND_STATISTICAL_TECHNIQUES

Unit 4: Historical and Experimental Research Methods

Step 2. Select the Cases and Determine Data Gathering and Analysis Techniques Notes

During the design phase of case study research, the researcher determines what approaches
to use in selecting single or multiple real-life cases to examine in depth and which instruments
and data gathering approaches to use. When using multiple cases, each case is treated as a
single case. Each cases conclusions can then be used as information contributing to the whole
study, but each case remains a single case. Exemplary case studies carefully select cases and
carefully examine the choices available from among many research tools available in order to
increase the validity of the study. Careful discrimination at the point of selection also helps
erect boundaries around the case.
The researcher must determine whether to study cases which are unique in some way or cases
which are considered typical and may also select cases to represent a variety of geographic
regions, a variety of size parameters, or other parameters. A useful step in the selection process
is to repeatedly refer back to the purpose of the study in order to focus attention on where to
look for cases and evidence that will satisfy the purpose of the study and answer the research
questions posed. Selecting multiple or single cases is a key element, but a case study can
include more than one unit of embedded analysis. For example, a case study may involve
study of a single industry and a firm participating in that industry. This type of case study
involves two levels of analysis and increases the complexity and amount of data to be gathered
and analyzed.
A key strength of the case study method involves using multiple sources and techniques in
the data gathering process. The researcher determines in advance what evidence to gather and
what analysis techniques to use with the data to answer the research questions. Data gathered
is normally largely qualitative, but it may also be quantitative. Tools to collect data can include
surveys, interviews, documentation review, observation, and even the collection of physical
artifacts.
The researcher must use the designated data gathering tools systematically and properly in
collecting the evidence. Throughout the design phase, researchers must ensure that the study
is well constructed to ensure construct validity, internal validity, external validity, and reliability.
Construct validity requires the researcher to use the correct measures for the concepts being
studied. Internal validity (especially important with explanatory or causal studies) demonstrates
that certain conditions lead to other conditions and requires the use of multiple pieces of
evidence from multiple sources to uncover convergent lines of inquiry. The researcher strives
to establish a chain of evidence forward and backward. External validity reflects whether or
not findings are generalizable beyond the immediate case or cases; the more variations in
places, people, and procedures a case study can withstand and still yield the same findings,
the more external validity. Techniques such as cross-case examination and within-case examination
along with literature review helps ensure external validity. Reliability refers to the stability,
accuracy, and precision of measurement. Exemplary case study design ensures that the procedures
used are well documented and can be repeated with the same results over and over again.
Step 3. Prepare to Collect the Data
Because case study research generates a large amount of data from multiple sources, systematic
organization of the data is important to prevent the researcher from becoming overwhelmed
by the amount of data and to prevent the researcher from losing sight of the original research
purpose and questions. Advance preparation assists in handling large amounts of data in a
documented and systematic fashion. Researchers prepare databases to assist with categorizing,
sorting, storing, and retrieving data for analysis.
Exemplary case studies prepare good training programs for investigators, establish clear protocols
and procedures in advance of investigator field work, and conduct a pilot study in advance

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