Page 24 - DSOC102_SOCIAL_INSTITUTIONS_HINDI

bdkbZ 2 % vkfFkZd O;oLFkk

gks x;k gSA e”knwjh iz.kkyh nks izdkj dh ikbZ tkrh gSµ(i) ^ftruk dke mruk nke* fl¼kar osQ vkèkkj uksV
ij] rFkk (ii) le; osQ vkèkkj ij (Time Wages)A izR;sd dkj[kkus esa lqfoèkkuqlkj buesa ls dksbZ Hkh
,d iz.kkyh viuk yh tkrh gSA
6- e”knwj la?k ,oa ekfyd la?k (Labour Unions and Associations of Employers)µvkèkqfud
e”knwjh iz.kkyh esa tc ekfyd ,oa e”knwjh osQ fgr Vdjkus yxs rks nksuksa us vius&vius fgrksa dh j{kk
osQ fy, laxBu cuk,A e”knwj vius Je dh vfèkdkfèkd e”knwjh pkgrk gSA dke osQ ?kaVs r; djokus
rFkk cksul] HkÙkk] vkokl] uy] fctyh ,oa NqfV~V;ksa dh lqfoèkk,¡ ikus osQ fy,] os vius Jfed la?kksa
osQ ekè;e ls ekfydksa ls la?k"kZ djrs gSaA ekfyd de e”knwjh nsdj vfèkd ykHk dekuk pkgrs gSa] vr%
os Hkh viuk laxBu cukrs gSaA bl izdkj e”knwj la?k vkt dh izeq[k vkfFkZd laLFkk,¡ cu x, gSaA

7- Bsdk (Contract)µvkèkqfud ;qx esa dbZ dk;Z tSls] lM+d fuekZ.k] iqy fuekZ.k] Hkou fuekZ.k BsosQ ij
gksus yxs gSaA BsosQ ls lacafèkr Hkh dbZ izFkk,¡ ,oa O + kQkuwu cus gq, gSaA O + kQkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djus ij
U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k yh tk ldrh gSA BsosQ osQ dk;Z osQ fy, VsaMj vkeaf=kr fd, tkrs gSaA O;kikj esa
vusd dk;Z vkt BsosQ ij gksus yxs gSaA
8- izfr;ksfxrk (Competition)µvkt osQ ;qx esa ozsQrkvksa] foozsQrkvksa] fuekZrkvksa vkfn esa izfr;ksfxrk
ik;h tkrh gSA iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh rks ;g ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA lektoknh O;oLFkk esa Hkh
izfr;ksfxrk ik;h tkrh gS] foaQrq iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh rjg ^xyk dkV izfr;ksfxrk* (Cut throat
competition) ughaA izfr;ksfxrk ls ykHk ,oa gkfu nksuksa gh gSaA
9- ,dkfèkdkj (Monopoly)µiw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk eas ,dkfèkdkj Hkh ,d izeq[k laLFkk gSA eè; ;qx
esa cM+h ek=kk esa oLrq,¡ [kjhnus ,oa ,df=kr djosQ j[kus ij jksd FkhA vkS|ksxhdj.k us ,dkfèkdkj dks
fodflr fd;k gSA ,dkfèkdkj esa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr] oaQiuh ;k lewg fdlh Hkh oLrq osQ mRiknu ,oa
O;kikj esa ,dkfèkdkj LFkkfir dj ysrk gS vkSj oLrq dks euekus Hkko ij csprk gSA blls ,dkfèkdkj
djus okys dks rks ykHk gksrk gS] foaQrq [kjhnnkj dks gkfu mBkuh iM+rh gSA lektoknh O;oLFkk esa O;fDr
osQ ,dkfèkdkj dks lekIr dj ljdkj dk ,dfèkdkj dk;e fd;k tkrk gSA

10- lg;ksx (Co-operation)µvkt osQ ;qx esa cM+h ek=kk esa mRiknu osQ fy, ekfyd ,oa e”knwj rFkk
ozsQrk vkSj foozsQrk esa lg;ksx cgqr vko';d gSA ozsQrk ,oa foozsQrk osQ chp nykyksa dks lekIr djus osQ
fy, lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS vusd {ks=kksa esa mRiknu dk dk;Z lgdkfjrk osQ vkèkkj
ij fd;k tkus yxk gSA lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ miHkksDrkvksa dks mfpr nkeksa ij oLrq,¡ miyCèk djkrh gSa vkSj
ykHk dk caVokjk leku :i ls va'kèkkfj;ksa (Shereholders) esa djrh gSaA
11- fo'ks"khdj.k (Specialization)µfo'ks"khdj.k vkt dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh izeq[k laLFkk gSA rduhdh
mUufr osQ lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd dk;ks± esa fo'ks"khdj.k c<+rk x;kA fo'ks"khdj.k esa ,d O;fDr fdlh ,d
gh dk;Z dk fo'ks"kK gksrk gSA blesa dk;Z rhoz xfr ls ,oa n{krkiw.kZ gksrk gS] foaQrq ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk
c<+ tkrh gSA vkt gesa vFkZO;oLFkk osQ gj {ks=k esa fo'ks"khdj.k ns[kus dks feysxkA
12- Je&foHkktu (Division of Labour)µdk;Z dks 'kh?kz laiUu djus osQ fy, dk;Z dks NksVs&NksVs
VqdM+ksa esa vyx&vyx bdkb;ksa ,oa O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS ftls Je&foHkktu dgrs gSaA iSQDVªh
iz.kkyh esa Je&foHkktu osQ fcuk mRiknu dk;Z laHko ugha gSA
13- forj.k iz.kkyh (Distribution System)µmRikfnr oLrq dk forj.k fdl izdkj ls gks] bl lacaèk
esa Hkh izR;sd izdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa oqQN izFkk,¡ ,oa fu;e ik, tkrs gSaA iSQDVªh iz.kkyh esa ,d LFkku
ij mRiknu gksrk gS] vr% mlosQ mfpr forj.k dh O;oLFkk vfr vko';d gks tkrh gSA
14- ck”kkj ,oa fofue; (Market and Exchange)µck”kkj og LFkku gS tgk¡ oLrqvksa dk Ø;&foØ;
gksrk gS] oLrqvksa osQ Hkko r; gksrs gSa ,oa iSlksa dk ysu&nsu gksrk gSA ck”kkj LFkk;h] vLFkk;h] lkekU;
,oa fof'k"V rFkk NksVs&cM+s vusd izdkj osQ gks ldrs gSaA ck”kkj esa oLrqvksa dk fofue; oLrq osQ cnys
;k eqæk osQ cnys gks ldrk gS] foaQrq orZeku le; esa ;g dk;Z lk[k] cSad ,oa eqæk osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

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