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Indian Freedom Struggle (1707–1947 A.D.)

Notes Self- Assessment
2. Fill in the blanks:
(i) A Kissan manifesto was finalized at the All-India Kissan committee session in ............... .
(ii) The 6th of November ............... was observed as the Malabar tenancy Act Amendment
day.
(iii) In Orissa, the Utkal Provincial Kisan Sabha, organised ............... .
(iv) The first commission was appointed in ............... although the First Factory Act was not
passed before 1881.
(v) During 1926-27 the AITCIC was divided into two groups called ............... and the
revlutionary groups also called Geneva Amsterdam Group and the Mascovite Group.

8.4. Summary

• It was the more active members of the Home Rule League in U.P. who initiated the process
of the organization of the peasants of the province on modern lines into kisan sabhas. The U.P.
Kisan Sabha was set up in February 1918 through the efforts of Gauri Shankar Misra and
Indra Narain Dwivedi, and with the support of Madan Mohan Malaviya.
• In June 1920, Baba Ramchandra led a few hundred tenants from the Jaunpur and Pratapgarh
districts to Allahabad. There he met Gauri Shankar Misra and Jawaharlal Nehru and asked
them to visit the villages to see for themselves the living conditions of the tenants. The result
was that, between June and August, Jawaharlal Nehru made several visits to the rural areas
and developed close contacts with the Kisan Sabha movement.
• They succeeded in getting Ramchandra and thirty-two kisans arrested on a trumped-up
charge of theft on 28 August 1920.
• Mehta was called back from leave to deal with the situation and he quickly withdrew the
case of theft and attempted to bring pressure on the landlords to change their ways. This
easy victory, however, gave a new confidence to the movement and it burgeoned forth.
• Congress at Calcutta had chosen the path of non-cooperation and many nationalists of U.P.
had committed themselves to the new political path. But there were others, including Madan
Mohan Malaviya, who preferred to stick to constitutional agitation. These differences were
reflected in the U.P. Kisan Sabha as well, and soon the Non-cooperators set up an alternative
Oudh Kisan Sabha at Pratapgarh on 17 October 1920.
• The Eka meetings were marked by a religious ritual in which a hole that represented the
river Ganges was dug in the ground and filled with water, a priest was brought in to preside
and the assembled peasants vowed that they would pay only the recorded rent but pay it on
time, would not leave when ejected, would refuse to do forced labour, would give no help to
criminals and abide by the panchayat decisions.
• In August 1921, peasant discontent erupted in the Malabar district of Kerala. Here Mappila
(Muslim) tenants rebelled. Their grievances related to lack of any security of tenure, renewal
fees, high rents, and other oppressive landlord exactions. In the nineteenth century as well,
there had been cases of Mappila resistance to landlord oppression but what erupted in 1921
was on a different scale together.
• The Manjeri conference was followed by the formation of a tenants’ association at Kozhikode,
and soon tenants’ associations were set up in other parts of the district.
• on 5 February 1921. On 18 February, all the prominent Khilafat and Congress leaders, Yakub
Hasan, U. Gopala Menon, P. Moideen Koya and K. Madhavan Nair, were arrested.
• Thomas, on 20 August 1921, accompanied by a contingent of police and troops, raided the
mosque at Tirurangadi to arrest Ali Musahar, a Khilafat leader and a highly respected priest.
They found only three fairly insignificant Khilafat volunteers and arrested them.

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