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ik'pkR; jktuhfr fopkj



                    uksV                efgykvksa dks dHkh bl ckr dk volj gh ugha fn;k x;k Fkk fd os bu inksa ij viuh ;ksX;rk izn£'kr
                                        djsaA orZeku O;oLFkk vU;k;iw.kZ gS rFkk lkekftd izxfr esa ck/d gS D;ksafd ;g tUe osQ vk/kj ij ukfj;ksa
                                        osQ fy, izxfr osQ }kj cUn dj nsrh gSA
                                    • bl izdkj efgyk eqfDr osQ lEcU/ esa fey osQ fopkj] L=kh&iq#"k lekurk osQ lEcU/ esa fey osQ fopkj]
                                        L=kh&iq#"k lEcU/ksa osQ ckjs esa fey osQ fopkj vius tekus osQ fopkjksa ls cgqr vkxs FksA oLrqr% efgykvksa
                                        dh eqfDr osQ lEcU/ esa fey osQ gh fopkjksa dks fey osQ fu/u osQ ckn lekt vkSj 'kklu us ekU;rk iznku
                                        dhA
                                    • fey dk igyk vk£Fkd fopkj gSμ^Lofgr dk fl¼karA* bl fl¼kar osQ ekè;e ls fey us ^Lofgr* dk
                                        izfriknu rks fd;k gh] lkFk gh mldk lekthdj.k Hkh dj MkykA mlus dgk fd O;fDr osQ fgr vkSj lekt
                                        osQ fgr esa ,d:irk gksuh vko';d gSA tcfd fey ls iwoZ lHkh O;fDroknh fopkjd ;g dgrs Fks fd
                                        O;fDr dh reke vk£Fkd xfrfof/;ksa dk lapkyu Lofgr }kjk gh gksrk gSA
                                    • fey osQ vk£Fkd fopkjksa osQ ckjs esa vkykspd dgrs gSa fd og ekSfyd ugha FksA mlosQ fopkj ,Me fLeFk]
                                        fjdkMksZ vkSj ekYFkl osQ fopkjksa dh iquO;kZ[;k ek=k FksA nwljk_ vkykspd ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd og cqtqZvk
                                        fopkjd Fkk vkSj Jfed fojks/h FkkA

                                  14-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)


                                        • cgqeq[khμdbZ n`f‘dks.kksa ls izfrHkk'kkyhA
                                        • oqQyhura=kμmPp oqQy ij vk/kfjr 'kklu ra=kA

                                  14-6 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)


                                    1. LVqvVZ fey dh izfrfuf/ ljdkj laca/h vo/kj.kk dh O;k[;k dhft,A
                                    2. LVqvVZ fey osQ efgykvksa dh Lora=krk laca/h fopkjksa dk foospu dhft,A
                                    3. LVqvVZ fey dk jktuhfrd fpUru osQ bfrgkl esa D;k ;ksxnku gS\ leh{kkRed o.kZu dhft,A
                                  mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu  (Answer: Self Assessment)

                                      1.  1. xq.kh ,oa lcy    2. cgqeq[kh       3. izfrfuf/ 'kklu

                                      2.  1. lR;              2. vlR;           3. lR;
                                  14-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ  (Further Readings)





                                            1. jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk bfrgkl (IysVks ls coZQ)μMk- izHkqnÙk 'kekZ] dkyst cqd fMiks] t;iqj]
                                               fnYyhA
                                            2. ik'pkR; jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl (IysVks ls ekDlZ)] Mk- ch- ,y- iQfM+;k lkfgR; Hkou
                                               ifCyosQ'ku] vkxjkA
                                            3. jktuhfrd ¯pru osQ vkpk;Zμ fgUnh ekè;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;A








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