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Human Resource Management

Notes designing jobs with employee needs in mind requires a totally different approach, known as job
enrichment i.e., changing job specifications to broaden and add challenge to the tasks required.

Figure 4.1: Job Characteristics Model

Critical
Core Job Outcomes
Psychological
Characteristic
States

Skill variety Experienced meaningfulness High internal
work motivation of the work
Task identity High quality work
performance
Task significance High growth
satisfaction High general job
satisfaction
Autonomy Experienced responsibility Low

absenteeism and turnover for outcomes of the work
effectiveness High work

Feedback from job Knowledge of the actual results

of the work activities

Mediators:

Knowledge and skill
Growth need
strength
“Content”
Source: J Richard Hackman & Greg R Oldham

4.5 Job Rotation

It implies movement of employees from job to job. Jobs remain unchanged. With job rotation,
a given employee performs different jobs but more or less jobs of the same nature.
On the positive side, it may be said that job rotation is likely to increase intrinsic reward
potential of a job because of different skills and abilities needed to perform it. The organization
also benefits because workers become competent in several jobs, rather than only one. Knowing
a variety of job improves the workers' self-image, provides personal growth, and makes the
worker more valuable to the organisation.

On the negative side, it may be stated that job rotation may not have much impact on employee
enthusiasm and efficiency. According to Herzberg, job rotation is merely "substituting one zero
for another zero". Employees feel alienated when they are rotated from one job to another.

4.6 Job Enlargement

It involves expanding the number of task or duties assigned to a given job. It is opposite of work
simplification. Adding more tasks or duties to a job does not mean that new skills and abilities
are needed to perform. Enlarged job requires longer training period because there are more
tasks to be learned.

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