Page 157 - DECO404_PUBLIC_FINANCE_HINDI

bdkbZ—14% mRiknu vkSj o`f¼ ij djk/ku osQ izHkko

mRiknu ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+sxk] D;ksafd Hkkjh djk/ku ls fuos'k dh nj vo#¼ gks tk;sxhA blosQ foijhr] uksV
;fn va'k/kfj;ksa (shareholders) dks ck¡Vs tkus okys ykHkka'kksa (dividends) ij Hkkjh dj yxk;s tkrs gSa vkSj
muesa ls iqu% fuos'k dj fn;s tkus okys ykHkka'kksa dks dj&eqDr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks mlls mRiknu o`f¼ dks
izksRlkgu feysxk] D;ksafd ykHkka'kksa osQ iqu% fuos'k ij nh xbZ dj eqfDr ls fuos'k nj c<+ tk;sxhA
vr% fu"d"kZ osQ :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dj yksxksa dh dke djus] cpr djus rFkk fuos'k dh izsj.kkvksa
ij lnk gh izfrowQy izHkko ugha Mkyrs tSlk fd vkerkSj ij le>k tkrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] ;g ns[kk tkrk gS
fd djk/ku yksxksa dh dke djus] cpr djus rFkk fuos'k djus dh yksxksa dh bPNk dks grksRlkfgr djus osQ ctk,
izksRlkfgr djrk gSA ijUrq ;gk¡ ;g ckr mYys[kuh; gS fd vR;f/d vkjksgh djk/ku] tSls fd vR;Ur m¡Qpk
/u&dj ;k lEifÙk&dj vFkok vR;f/d Øeo/hZ vk;&dj (steeply graduated income-tax) mPp vk;
okys oxZ osQ yksxksa dh dke djus rFkk cpr djus dh izsj.kk dks fuf'pr :i ls lekIr dj nsrk gS] fuos'k :i
esa rc] tcfd bu djksa dk mís'; yksxksa dh vke lEifÙk ;k /u dks 'kuS% 'kuS% gM+i ysus dk gksrk gSA

14-1-3 mRiknu osQ xBu rFkk Lo:i ij djk/ku osQ izHkko
(Effects of Taxation on Composition and Production)
ns'k esa mRiknu rFkk jk"Vªh; vk; dh ek=kk yksxksa dh dke djus rFkk cpr djus dh ;ksX;rk o bPNk ij fuHkZj
gksrh gS fdUrq mRiknu dk xBu rFkk izfr:i bl ckr ij fuHkZj gksrk gS fd fofHkUu m|ksxksa osQ chp rFkk
fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ chp lk/uksa dk c¡Vokjk fdl izdkj gksrk gSA fofHkUu m|ksxksa rFkk {ks=kksa osQ chp lkèkuksa dk
vUrj.k ;k fn'kk&ifjorZu (diversion) djus osQ fy, djk/ku dks jktdks"kh; uhfr (fiscal policy) osQ ,d
vL=k osQ :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj] djk/ku u osQoy mRiknu osQ vk/kj rFkk o`f¼ dks gh
izHkkfor dj ldrk gS] cfYd mRiknu dh jpuk rFkk mlosQ Lo:i ij Hkh ;Fks"V izHkko Mky ldrk gSA vr%
djk/ku osQ }kjk mRiknu osQ xBu rFkk izfr:i esa ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tc oqQN m|ksxksa dh mRikfnr oLrqvksa ij dj yxk;k tkrk gS rks mlls mudh dhersa c<+ tkrh gSaA dhersa c<+us
ls mu oLrqvksa dh ek¡x de gks tkrh gS rFkk mlosQ iQyLo:i ykHk Hkh ?kV tkrs gSaA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk
gS fd bu m|ksxksa osQ lk/u (resources) ,sls vU; m|ksxksa dh vksj dks gLrkUrfjr gksus yxrs gSa ftudh mRikfnr
oLrqvksa ij ;k rks dj fcYoqQy ugha yxrk vFkok cgqr gYdh njksa ls yxrk gSA ,slk ;k rks djk/ku osQ Hkkj dks
de djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS vFkok dj&Hkkj ls fcYoqQy cpus osQ fy, lk/uksa osQ bl fn'kk&ifjorZu ls
m|ksxksa osQ mRiknu dh jpuk rFkk mlosQ izfr:i esa gh ifjorZu yk;k tk ldrk gSA
dj yxs m|ksxksa dh vksj ls dj&jfgr m|ksxksa ;k de dj yxs m|ksxksa dh vksj dks gksus okyk ;g fn'kk&ifjorZu
fdl lhek rd gksxk] ;g ckr ,sls m|ksxksa osQ mRikfnr eky dh ek¡x rFkk iwfrZ dh yksp'khyrk ij fuHkZj gksrh
gSA ;fn dj yxh oLrq dh ek¡x (demand) csykspnkj (inelastic) gS vkSj mldh iwfrZ (supply) ykspnkj
gS rks dj dk Hkkj (incidence of tax) vis{kkÑr ozsQrk (buyer) ij gh vf/d iM+sxk] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
lk/uksa dk fn'kk&ifjorZu ugha gksxkA fdUrq blosQ foijhr] ;fn ml mRikfnr oLrq dh ek¡x rks ykspnkj gS fdUrq
mldh iwfrZ ykspghu gS] rks dj dk Hkkj mRiknu ij gh iM+sxkA bl fLFkfr esa ;fn mRiknd ;g ns[krk gS fd dj
yxs m|ksxksa esa mRiknu dks tkjh j[kuk ykHknk;d ugha gS vFkok vis{kkÑr de ykHknk;d gS rks lk/u ml m|ksx
ls dj&jfgr m|ksxksa dh vksj dks LFkkukUrfjr gks ldrs gSaA
(1) ykHkdkjh fn'kk&ifjorZu (Beneficial Diversion)µlk/uksa dks oqQN vUrj.k ;k fn'kk&ifjorZu
ykHkdkjh gksrs gSaA miHkksx osQ gkfudkjd inkFkks± tSls fd eknd inkFkks± ij yxk;k x;k djk/ku muosQ mRiknu
dks grksRlkfgr dj nsrk gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd bu m|ksxksa esa tks iw¡th vkSj Je yxk gksrk gS og vU;
m|ksxksa dh vksj LFkkukUrfjr gksus yxrk gSA eknd inkFkks± rFkk vU; gkfudkjd inkFkks± ij dj yxus ls mudh
dhersa c<+ tkrh gSa vkSj dhersa c<+ tkus ls ,sls inkFkks± dk miHkksx ?kV tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] ,sls inkFkks± osQ
miHkksx esa tks lk/u yxs gksrs gSa os vU; inkFkks± osQ ykHkdkjh miHkksx dh vksj dks LFkkukUrfjr gksus yxrs gSaA

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 151
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY