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o`f¼ vkSj fodkl osQ vFkZ'kkL=k
uksV js[kkfp=k 23-3 dh lgk;rk ls fd;k gSA fp=k 23-3 dY
Y
esa %
tula[;k o oqQy vk; o`f¼ nj O a b P
(i) dY/Y vk; o`f¼ nj oØ gS ftls js[kkfp=k L N (dP/P)
23-2 ls fy;k x;k gS rFkk (dP/P) oØ
tula[;k o`f¼ nj oØ gS ftls js[kkfp=k Y
23.1 (a) ls fy;k x;k gSA Y =S=X
(ii) js[kkfp=k 23.1 (b) ls X dk Lrj fy;k x;k P 1
gS tks lqfo/k osQ fy, S osQ cjkcj eku fy;k
x;k gSA izfr O;fDr vk; Lrj
(iii) js[kkfp=k 23.3 esa S = X ,d ,slk fcUnq gS fp=k 23-3
ftl ij izfr O;fDr vk; U;wure thou
fuokZg Lrj osQ cjkcj gS ftl ij tula[;k dh o`f¼ nj fLFkj gS rFkk nwljh vksj] ;g iznf'kZr djrk gS fd
bl fcUnq ij izfr O;fDr cpr rFkk fofu;ksx 'kwU; gSA
(iv) izfr O;fDr vk; osQ izR;sd Lrj ij tks thou&fuokZg Lrj fcUnq (S = X) rFkk Oa osQ chp gks] tula[;k
dh o`f¼ nj vk; dh o`f¼ nj dh vis{kk vf/d gksxh blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i izfr O;fDr vk; esa LFkk;h
:i ls fxjkoV gksxh vkSj ;g thou&fuokZg Lrj ij igq¡p tk;sxhA bl fcUnq dks ^vYi lUrqyu ik'k fcUnq*
;k ^fuEu Lrjh; lUrqyu esa tdM+k fcUnq* dgrs gSaA izfr O;fDr vk; dk dksbZ Hkh Lrj tks Oa ls de
gks] izfr O;fDr vk; dks vko';d :i ls thou fuokZg Lrj ij igq¡pk nsxkA
(v) vk; osQ forj.k esa ifjorZu ykus osQ fy, dne mBk;s tkus pkfg,] rkfd fofu;kstd /u lap; dj losaQA
(vi) ,d ekid ljdkjh fofu;ksx dk;ZØe gksuk pkfg,A
(vii) fons'kksa ls dks"k izkIr djosQ vk; rFkk iw¡th c<+kuh pkfg,A
v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa fuEu Lrjh; lUrqyu vojks/ ls cpus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mi;qZDr of.kZr mik;ksa
dks ,d lkFk viuk;k tk,] rkfd tula[;k dh o`f¼ nj dh rqyuk esa vk; dh o`f¼ nj vf/d gks losQA tc fdlh
fuf'pr U;wure izfr O;fDr vk; Lrj ls Åij ,d ckj ;g fLFkfr miyC/ gks tk;sxh rks ljdkjh iz;kl osQ fcuk
Hkh rc rd lrr~ fodkl gksrk pyk tk;sxk tc rd fd izfr O;fDr vk; dk ,d u;k mPp Lrj ugha vk tkrkA
vkykspuk,¡ (Criticisms)
(1) le; rRo dh vogsyuk (Time Element Ignored)μuSYlu osQ fl¼kUr dh vkykspuk djrs gq, izks-
fe.V us ;g vkifÙk mBk;h fd izfr O;fDr vk; Lrj esa FkksM+h&lh o`f¼] tSlsμS ls C, S fcUnq ij iqu% fLFkj
lkE; dh fLFkfr dk;e rHkh djsxh tcfd ^le;* dks oØ [khaprs le; ugha fy;k x;k gks] ij ;fn ^le;*
dks fy;k x;k rks S ls C ij ifjorZu osQ lkFk iw¡th LVkWd esa LFkk;h o`f¼ gks tk;sxh] ,slh fLFkfr esa vFkZO;oLFkk
fiQj C ls f[klddj S ij ugha vk;sxhA
(2) iQyukRed lEcU/ ugha (No Functional Relations)μizfr O;fDr vk; Lrj tula[;k dh o`f¼ nj rFkk
oqQy vk; osQ o`f¼ nj osQ chp uSYlu us iQyukRed lEcU/ dh ckr dh] ij fe.V osQ vuqlkj blosQ chp
bl izdkj osQ fuf'pr rFkk dBksj iQyukRed lEcU/ dks [khapk ugha tk ldrk gSA
(3) vU; vkykspuk,¡ (Other Criticisms)μ
(i) ;g fl¼kUr tUe&nj de djus osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk fd;s tk jgs tula[;k fu;U=k.k iz;klksa dh
vogsyuk djrk gSA
(ii) ;g fl¼kUr v¼Z&fodflr ns'kksa esa cpr vkSj fofu;ksx osQ Lrj ij fons'kh iw¡th osQ izHkko dk
fo'ys"k.k izLrqr ugha djrkA
216 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
