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Unit-1: Nature, Branches and Schools of Psychology

do that? And why do they do? Is called the school of functionalism. Due to functionalism, knowing, Notes
willing and feeling were incorporated in psychology. This ideology emphasizes on the motion of the
strength of mind.
Functionalism was embraced by different psychologists of various countries. Its main three schools are
as follows:

Chicago Community—In this John D.V., James Roneld Angel and Harberker are worth mentioning. John
D.V. has specially emphasized on the utility of mind and brain the field of psychology, they enlightened

that how the process of thinking works to solve the problem. John D.V. has emphasized in one of his

write-ups, “The reflex is concept of psychology”, that mental function is a continuous process. It keeps
on happening without the break of a moment. He discovered the relation between action and excitement.
Human’s entire mental work has some motive or purpose. He did not accept that mind and consciousness
is the combination mental elements like structuralism, but emphasized of the functions of the mental
elements. He has emphasized on mental function.

James Roneld Angel—He has given a cleared theory of functionalism. According to him where
structuralism is related to element or substance, functionalism is related to the function or process.
According to this he emphasizes on the information of nature of mental process and how does it work.
Mental functions are edited according to the circumstances. Mind and body collectively work and help
the individual to cooperate with his environment. All mental activities or functions are based on the
combination of the collective effort of mind and body. Functionalism does not accept mind and body as
two different things. Harvekar has called the psychology the science of mental activites. The subjects of
psychology of functionalism are why? and How?

Colombia Community—He founder of the school were James Kettle, Edward Thirndike and Robert
Woodworth of university of Colombia. Kettle worked on association, tangible knowledge and mental
physics. Thirndike worked on wisdom and learning process. Robert Woodworth earned name by writing
the book “Contemporary schools of Psychology”. He has also written a book on ‘Experimental Psychology’
on the basis of various experiments he did. Due to emphasize on co-operation in functionalism dynamic
psychology developed, he gave importance to motivation in behavior. Functionalism studied mind and
behavior of human and animal. This resulted the origin of behaviorism.

Contribution of Functionalism in the field of Education—In the field of education contributions of this
school are as follows—
1. This school emphasized on environment and co-operation in learning process.
2. Followers of this school did lot of research on individual difference, learning, wisdom, co-operation,
examination and evaluation that infl uenced education.
3. This ideology considered a child important in the process of education and contributed in the
development of child psychology.
4. They emphasized to understand on the needs of a child on different levels of age during the process
of education.
5. They discovered the theory of Utility. They considered only those subjects important in syllabus that
is useful for man and society.
6. They emphasized on the collective activeness of mind and body. According to their idea mind without
body and body without mind are incomplete. Mind and body worked together. That is why they
emphasized on the following on three rules as study techniques.
(a) Physical Rule—In this they have tried to study the physical base of every action.
(b) Study Technique in Different Situations—In this living is observed in different situations.
(c) IntrospectionTechnique.

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