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Educational Measurement and Evaluation


                   Notes          •   Objectivity of a test can be increased by using more objective type test items and the answers
                                      are scored according to model answers provided.
                                  Objective Basedness
                                  •   The test should be based on pre-determined objectives.
                                  •   The test setter should have definite idea about the objective behind each item.
                                  Comprehensiveness
                                  •   The test should cover the whole syllabus.
                                  •   Due importance should be given all the relevant learning materials.
                                  •   Test should be cover all the anticipated objectives.
                                  Validity
                                  •   A said to be valid if it measures what it intends to measure.
                                  There are different types of validity :
                                  •   Operational validity
                                  •   Predictive validity
                                  •   Content validity
                                  •   Construct validity
                                  Operational Validity
                                  •   A test will have operational validity if the tasks required by the test are sufficient to evaluate
                                      the definite activities or qualities.

                                  Predictive Validity
                                  •   A test has predictive validity if scores on it predict future performance
                                  Content Validity
                                  •   If the items in the test constitute a representative sample of the total course content to be tested,
                                      the test can be said to have content validity.
                                  Construct Validity
                                  •   Construct validity involves explaining the test scores psychologically. A test is interpreted in
                                      terms of numerous research findings.
                                  Reliability
                                  •   Reliability of a test refers to the degree of consistency with which it measures what it indented
                                      to measure.
                                  •   A test may be reliable but need not be valid. This is because it may yield consistent scores, but
                                      these scores need not be representing what exactly we want measurer.
                                  •   A test with high validity has to be reliable also. (the scores will be consistent in both cases)
                                  •   Valid test is also a reliable test, but a reliable test may not be a valid one

                                  Different method for determining Reliability
                                  •   Test-retest method
                                      • A test is administrated to the same group with short interval. The scores are tabulated and
                                        correlation is calculated. The higher the correlation, the more the reliability.
                                  •   Split-half method
                                      • The scores of the odd and even items are taken and the correlation between the two sets of
                                        scores determined.




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