Page 296 - DHIN401_HINDI_SAHITYA_KA_ITIHAAS

¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl

uksV (v) pw¡fd lkfgR; dk ewy lacaèk cfgtZxr ls ugha vartZxr ls gS] blfy, izrhdksa dk iz;ksx lkfgR; esa
vko';d gSA fcac vkSj feFkd tSls rRo Hkh vareZu dh xzafFk;ksa dks lqy>kus esa ;k O;Dr djus esa
l{ke gks ldrs gSaA
(vi) pw¡fd lkfgR; dk mís'; O;fDrRo dh dbZ ijrksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gS] blfy, LokHkkfod gS fd
Hkk"kk dh izÑfr fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj vewrZ gksA
(vii) psruk izokg f'kYi dks euksfo'ys"k.kkRed leh{kk esa vR;fèkd egÙo fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd blh osQ
ekè;e ls jpukdkj Lo;a dks iw.kZ lgtrk ls O;Dr dj ikrk gSA

O;kogkfjd i{k

¯gnh esa euksfo'ys"k.koknh vkykspuk dk O;kogkfjd i{k T;knk fodflr ugha gks ldk gSA ;w¡ rks vkpk;Z 'kqDy
ls ysdj ledkyhu leh{kdksa rd lHkh us vkykspuk esa euksoSKkfud rRo dk iz;ksx fd;k gS ¯drq
euksfo'ys"k.koknh i¼fr ij fy[kh xbZ O;ofLFkr vkykspuk,¡ dkiQh de gSaA eq[; :i ls vKs;] bykpaæ
tks'kh] MkW- nsojkt vkSj MkW- uxsaæ dh leh{kkvksa esa ;g i¼fr fn[krh gSA MkW- uxsaæ osQ xzaFk ^dkO; esa fcac*
ij ^izHkqRo osQ fl¼kar* dk izHkko Li"Vr% fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA vKs; us vius miU;kl ^'ks[kj ,d thouh* esa
'ks[kj osQ O;fDrRo dh leh{kk osQ fy, ^dke psruk* osQ fl¼kar dk i;kZIr mi;ksx fd;k gSA muosQ fucaèk
laxzg f=k'kaoqQ esa ^izHkqRo dkeuk* vkSj ^{kfriw.kZ* osQ fl¼kar Hkh Li"Vr% fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA ia- bykpaæ tks'kh dh
izfl¼ iqLrd gSμ^lkfgR; fparu*A buosQ vuqlkj lkfgR; dk ewy mís'; pje lkSan;Z dh vfHkO;fDr osQ
ekè;e ls thouh 'kfDr iznku djuk gSA ÚkW;M vkSj ,Myj osQ fl¼karksa dk izHkko mu ij Li"Vr% fn[krk gSA
lhfer :i ls MkW- nsojkt vkSj tSusaæ oqQekj osQ ;gk¡ Hkh ;g n`f"Vdks.k O;Dr gqvk gSA tSusaæ us rks
euksfo'ys"k.kokn vkSj xk¡èkhokn dks vkil esas ?kqyk&feyk fn;k gSA

ubZ leh{kk
^ubZ leh{kk* vaxzsth 'kCn ‘New Criticism’ dk vuqokn gS vkSj ;g 20oha 'krkCnh osQ vkjaHk esa vesfjdk
o ;wjksi esa fodflr gq, ubZ leh{kk (New Criticism) vkanksyu ls izHkkfor Hkh gSA ‘New
Criticism’ 'kCn dk iz;ksx igyh ckj 1910 bZ- esa fLiucuZ us fd;kA vkxs pydj 1941 bZ- esa tkWu ozQks
jSale us blh uke ls viuh leh{kkRed iqLrd fy[khA yxHkx 1950 bZ- rd ;g vkanksyu egÙoiw.kZ izHkko
osQ lkFk pyrk jgk] ftlesa Vh- ,l- bfy;V (The Sacred Wood), vkbZ- ,- fjpMZ~l (Principles of
Literary Criticism) rFkk feMyVu ejs (The Problem of Style) izeq[k gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr DyhaFk
czqDl] ,ysu VSV rFkk fofy;e ,Eilu vkfn vkykspd Hkh bl vkanksyu esa egÙoiw.kZ jgs gSaA ;g vkanksyu
1950&60 osQ n'kd esa lekIr gks x;k D;ksafd leh{kk dh ;g 'kSyh èkhjs&èkhjs bruh ladh.kZ gksrh xbZ fd
Lo;a bfy;V dks bls uhacw&fupksM+ vkykspuk (Lemon Squeezing Criticism) dgdj [kkfjt djuk
iM+kA

uksV~l ubZ leh{kk 'kCn dk iz;ksx igyh ckj 1910 bZ- esa fLiucuZ us fd;kA

¯gnh esa ubZ leh{kk vkanksyu eq[;r% izxfroknh o LoPNanrkoknh n`f"V;ksa osQ fo#¼ fodflr gqvkA ;g
izxfroknh osQ fo#¼ blfy, gS D;ksafd mldh fopkjèkkjkRed ;kaf=kdrk osQ LFkku ij blesa O;fDr dh
LokuqHkwfr vkSj Hkksxs gq, ;FkkFkZ dks egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA ;g LoPNanrkokn osQ fo#¼ blfy, gS D;ksafd blesa
thou dh O;k[;k jksekfu;r ls ugha cfYd xSj&jksekafVd o ckSf¼d ekfudlrk ls dh tkrh gSA ubZ leh{kk
vkanksyu osQ fodkl esa lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ leh{kd vKs; gSa ftudh dbZ iqLrdksa tSls f=k'kaoqQ] ^Hkoarh*]
^varjk* vkSj ^vkèkqfud lkfgR;* esa ;g i¼fr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blh le; bykgkckn esa ^ifjey* uked

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