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Hardeep Kaur, Lovely Professional University
          izkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu dkO;




                     uksV
                                                                    bdkbZ 12
                                                          rqylhnkl dh HkfDr&Hkkouk



                                     vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
                                     mís'; (Objectives)
                                     izLrkouk (Introduction)
                                     12-1  rqylhnkl dh HkfDr&Hkkouk
                                     12-2  lkjka'k (Summary)
                                     12-3  'kCndks'k (Keywords)
                                     12-4  vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)
                                     12-5  lanHkZ iqLrosa$ (Further Readings)


                                  mís'; (Objectives)


                                  bl bdkbZ os$ vè;;u os$ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsµ
                                    N rqylhnkl dh HkfDr&Hkkouk dks le>us esaA
                                    N rqylhnkl dh nkL;&Hkko dh HkfDr ds :i dks tkuus esaA

                                  izLrkouk (Introduction)


                                       fgUnh lkfgR; esa rqylhnkl dks jke HkfDr dkO; dk loZJs"B dfo ekuk tkrk gSA buds }kjk jps 12 xzaFkksa
                                  dks izekf.kd ekuk tkrk gS] ftuesa 'kkfey gSaµjkepfjrekul] jkeyyk ugNw] tkudh eaxy] nksgkoyh] xhrkoyh]
                                  JhÑ".k xhrkoyh] fou;&if=kdk vkfnA blesa rqylhnkl }kjk jfpr ^jkepfjrekul& fo'oHkj esa vR;ar yksdfiz;
                                  gSA blesa nkL;Hkko dh HkfDr fn[krh gSA blesa e;kZnk dk izeq[k LFkku gSA jke dk pfj=k gh e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke dk
                                  Lo:i gSA jkedkO; esa loZ=k e;kZnk dk ikyu djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA jke ds vfrfjDr guqeku] y{e.k]
                                  Hkjr] 'k=kq?u vkfn izeq[k Hkzkr` e;kZnk esa ca/ks gSaA jkedkO; dk n`f"Vdks.k vR;ar O;kid gSA ;|fi rqylhnkl th
                                  jkeHkDr Fks] fdUrq mUgksaus f'ko] ikoZrh] x.ks'k vkfn nsorkvksa dh Hkh Lrqfr;ka dh gSaA muds jke us jkes'oje~ esa
                                  f'kofyax dh LFkkiuk dh] lhrk us Hkh xkSjh&iwtu fd;kA rqylh us jke ds eq[k ls dgyok;k gSµ
                                       ^f'konzksgh ee nkl dgkok] lks uj eksfg liusgq ufga HkkokA*
                                       ^f'konzksgh ee nkl dgkok] lks uj eksfg liusgq ufga HkkokA*
                                       ^f'konzksgh ee nkl dgkok] lks uj eksfg liusgq ufga HkkokA*
                                       ^f'konzksgh ee nkl dgkok] lks uj eksfg liusgq ufga HkkokA*
                                       ^f'konzksgh ee nkl dgkok] lks uj eksfg liusgq ufga HkkokA*
                                       /kkfeZd leUo; ds vfrfjDr Kku] HkfDr vkSj deZ dk nk'kZfud leUo; Hkh rqylhnkl ds jkedkO; esa
                                  miyCèk gSA
                                         rqylhnkl dh HkfDr&Hkkouk
                                         rqylhnkl dh HkfDr&Hkkouk
                                  12-1 rqylhnkl dh HkfDr&Hkkouk
                                  12-1
                                  12-1 rqylhnkl dh HkfDr&Hkkouk
                                  12-1   rqylhnkl dh HkfDr&Hkkouk
                                  12-1
                                       xksLokeh rqylhnkl HkfDrdky dh lxq.k HkfDr /kkjk ds vUrxZr vkus okyh jkedkO; /kkjk ds izfrfuf/k
                                  dfo gSaA mUgksaus vius lHkh dkO;&xzUFkksa esa jke ds izfr vuU; HkfDr&Hkko O;Dr fd;k gS] blfy, mUgsa jke dk
                                  ,dfu"B ,oa vuU; HkDr dgk x;k gSA os pkrd dks izse vkSj HkfDr dk ije vkn'kZ ekurs gq, dgrs gSaA
                                            ,d Hkjkslks ,d cy ,d vkl fcLoklA
                                            ,d Hkjkslks ,d cy ,d vkl fcLoklA
                                            ,d Hkjkslks ,d cy ,d vkl fcLoklA
                                            ,d Hkjkslks ,d cy ,d vkl fcLoklA
                                            ,d Hkjkslks ,d cy ,d vkl fcLoklA
                                            ,d jke ?kuL;ke fgr pkrd rqylhnkl Ï
                                            ,d jke ?kuL;ke fgr pkrd rqylhnkl Ï
                                            ,d jke ?kuL;ke fgr pkrd rqylhnkl Ï
                                            ,d jke ?kuL;ke fgr pkrd rqylhnkl Ï
                                            ,d jke ?kuL;ke fgr pkrd rqylhnkl Ï
          140                               LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
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