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dFkk lkfgR; ,oa fucaèk
uksV lc Bhd dj ysxkA ekrknhu us flfy;k dks cqjk&Hkyk dgk rks foo'k gksdj flfy;k gksjh dh 'kj.k esa vk;h vkSj
mlh osQ ;gk¡ jgus yxhA
vc gksjh dks viuh yM+dh lksuk osQ C;kg dh fpark gksus yxh] D;ksafd xk¡o osQ eupys yM+osQ mldk ihNk djus
yxs FksA gksjh osQ lksukjh xk¡o osQ ,d èkuh fdlku xkSjh egrks osQ yM+osQ eFkqjk ls lksuk dk fookg djuk fuf'pr
fd;kA lksuk vkSj flfy;k osQ iz;kl ls ngst dh Hkh leL;k ugha jghA bl izdkj fcuk fdlh dfBukbZ osQ lksuk
dk fookg laiUu gks x;kA Hkksyk us viuk nwljk fookg dj fy;k Fkk] fdarq blls mlosQ ?kj esa >xM+k bruk c<+k
fd csVksa us mls ihVdj ?kj ls fudky fn;kA Hkksyk vkSj mldh iRuh uksgjh us uks[ksjke osQ ;gk¡ 'kj.k yhA uks[ksjke
us uksgjh ij viuk vfèkdkj dj fy;kA Hkksyk bruk nqcZy ân; Fkk fd u ogk¡ jg ldrk Fkk] u dgha tk ldrk
FkkA iQyr% og ukSdj dh Hkk¡fr ogk¡ jgus yxkA bèkj iVs'ojh dh pky esa vkdj ex: 'kkg us gksjh ij fMxzh
dj nh vkSj mldk bZ[k uhyke gks x;kA
xkscj tc y[kuÅ igq¡pk] rks mlus ns[kk fd tgk¡ ij og [kksepk yxkrk Fkk] ogk¡ ij fdlh nwljs us vfèkdkj
dj fy;k gSA foo'k gksdj mlus [kUuk dh phuh fey esa ukSdjh dj yhA >qfu;k ls Hkh og fojDr&lk jgus yxkA
nksuksa dk eu&eqVko bruk c<+k fd xkscj us ,d fnu mls ihV Hkh fn;kA xkscj 'kjkc Hkh ihus yxk FkkA cPps dh
mfpr ns[kHkky u gksus osQ dkj.k ,d fnu og ej x;kA mèkj [kUuk dh fey esa e”knwjksa us osru osQ iz'u ij
gM+rky dj nh] naxs esa xkscj cqjh rjg ekj [kk cSBkA mls vLirky igq¡pk;k x;kA mldh bl 'kkspuh; n'kk dks
ns[kdj >qfu;k nzfor gks mBhA xkscj vpsr iM+k FkkA ml le; >qfu;k us vius izk.kksa ls Hkh c<+dj mldh lsok
dhA bèkj mls cPpk Hkh gks x;kA pqfg;k uke dh ,d iM+kslu us ml cPps dh cM+h ns[k&js[k dhA rHkh ,d fnu]
tc xkscj dke dh ryk'k esa Fkk] mls ekyrh fey x;hA mlus xkscj dks vius ?kj esa ekyh osQ :i esa j[k fy;kA
>qfu;k Hkh ogha jgus yxhA mUgha fnuksa xkscj osQ cPps dks pspd fudy vk;hA ekyrh osQ iz;klksa ls cPpk tYnh
Bhd gks x;kA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self-Assessment)
cgqfodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) :
1- jk;iky vejiky ¯lg dgk¡ osQ ”kehnkj Fks\
(d) cukjl ([k) vo/
(x) y[kumQ (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
2- gksjh fdlosQ :i;s ykSVkus dh ¯prk esa jgrk Fkk\
(d) jkelsod ([k) jk;lkgc
(x) ekyrh (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
3- xkscj dks y[kumQ esa dgk¡ ukSdjh fey xbZ Fkh\
(d) vkVk fey ([k) phuh fey
(x) pkoy fey (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
flfy;k us ,d cPps dks tUe fn;k] rks ekrknhu mlosQ fu"diV izse ls izzHkkfor gksdj ,d fnu gksjh dks mlosQ
fy, nks #i;s ns vk;kA flfy;k #i;s vkSj ekrknhu dk I;kj ikdj bruh izlUu gqbZ fd mlh jkr lksuk ls feyus
unh ikj mlosQ xk¡o igq¡p x;hA eFkqjk mls ns[kdj mldk gkFk idM+us yxk] rHkh flfy;k us viuk gkFk NqM+k
fy;kA mlh le; vanj ls lksuk dh vkokt vk;hA eFkqjk osQ lkFk tc flfy;k vanj igq¡ph] rks bruh jkr x;s
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