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dFkk lkfgR; ,oa fucaèk Reeta Singh, Lovely Professional University

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bdkbZµ29% ^vkokjk elhgk* % izeq[k x|ka'kksa dh O;k[;k

vuqozQef.kdk (Contents)

mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)

29.1 ^vkokjk elhgk* osQ x|ka'kksa dh lizlax O;k[;k
29.2 lkjka'k (Summary)

29.3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
29.4 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)

29.5 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

mís'; (Objectives)

bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsµ
^vkokjk elhgk* osQ izeq[k x|ka'kksa dh lizlax O;k[;k djus esa_

'kjr ckcw osQ O;fDrRo ,oa izÑfr dks tkuus esa_
'kjrpanz osQ fe=k jktw dh tkudkjh izkIr djus esa_

cax&lekt esa O;kIr vaèkfo'okl ,oa fiNM+siu dks le>us esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)

izHkkdj th us 'kjrpUnz dh thouh ^vkokjk elhgk* osQ izeq[k x|ka'kksa dk fooj.k cM+h lw{erk osQ lkFk fd;k gSA
bu x|ka'kksa dh O;k[;k dks i<+dj gesa 'kjr ckcw osQ O;fDrRo ,oa izÑfr osQ ckjs esa irk pyrk gSA ml le;
cax&lekt esa dkSulh cqjkb;k¡ vkSj vaèkfo'okl iSQys gq, Fks] bldh tkudkjh Hkh izkIr gksrh gSA

29-1 ^vkokjk elhgk* osQ x|ka'kksa dh lizlax O;k[;k

1
¶lkSUn;Zcksèk Hkh de ugha FkkA lqanj dye esa u;k fuc yxkdj cf<+;k dkxt ij eksrh tSls v{kjksa esa
jpuk vkjaHk djrs] ijarq vkjaHk ftruk egÙoiw.kZ gksrk] var mruk gh egÙoghuA var vfuok;Zrk ekuks
mUgkasus dHkh Lohdkj gh ugha dhA chp esa gh NksM+dj ubZ jpuk vkjaHk dj nsrsA 'kk;n mudk vkn'kZ cgqr
Å¡pk gksrk Fkk ;k 'kk;n var rd igq¡pus dh {kerk gh muesa ugha FkhA og dHkh dksbZ jpuk iwjh gh ugha
dj losQA¸ (i`"Bµ7)
izlaxµ'kjr ckcw dks ukuk osQ ?kj jgrs gq, yxHkx rhu o"kZ O;rhr gks pqosQ FksA og dke dh [kkst esa ckj&ckj
bèkj ls mèkj ?kwers FksA ;fn dHkh ukSdjh mUgsa fey Hkh tkrh rks mudk LoPNan LoHkko vkSj f'kYih eu mUgsa ,d
LFkku ij Bgjus gh ugha nsrk FkkA mUgsa dgkuh] miU;kl] ukVd vkfn fy[kus dk 'kkSd FkkA ijarq ,d txg caèk

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