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bdkbZ—6: ukrsnkjh osQ vè;;u dk n`f"Vdks.k% lkaLÑfrd




            dks larq"V djrk gS] vU; vko';drkvksa ,oa vfHkPNvksa dh iwfrZ djrk gS vkSj varr% viuh Lok;Ùkrk xzg.k djrk  uksV
            gSA jsMfDyiQ&czkmu laLÑfr dks lalk/u ekurs gSa] ijaijkvksa osQ gLrkarj.k ,oa vfHkxzg.k dh izfØ;k ekurs gSa]
            ftlls fd lekt dh fujarjrk cuh jgrh gSA izdk;Zoknh usr`RoosÙkk laLÑfr osQ ,d lexzkRed dk iz;ksx djrs
            gSaA ;s laiw.kZ laLÑfr dks vè;;u dh bdkbZ ekurs gSa u fd fdlh ,d lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"kd (VªsV) vFkkZr~ laLÑfr
            dh dksbZ ,d oLrq dks gh] tSlk fd Vk;yj us lkspk FkkA ;s csusfMDV dh rjg ,d la:i ek=k dk vè;;u Hkh
            ugha djrsA
            laLÑfr&laca/h ,d uohure n`f"Vdks.k fyaVu] Dy[kksu vkSj gky gh esa Økscj }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ;g
            bl ekU;rk ij vk/kfjr gS fd ekuoh; Kku dh izÑfr O;fDrijd (lCtsfDVo) gksrh gSA fyaVu dk dFku gS
            fd yksxksa dk thou ,d ckr gS vkSj ftl :i esa ge bldk vè;;u djrs gSa vkSj blosQ ckjs esa fyf[krs gSa og
            nwljh ckrA bu nksuksa esa ls igyh ckr ;FkkFkZ gS vkSj nwljh ckr gekjk ;FkkFkZ&cks/A ;fn igyh dks laLÑfr dgk
            x;k gS rks nwljh dks osQoy laLÑfr&fufeZr gh dgk tk ldrk gSA ;g okLrfodrk dk vewrhZdj.k gSA
            okLrfodrk gh ;FkkFkZ ekuo O;ogkj gSA Dy[kksu us laLÑfr dks fopkj] vuqHkwfr vkSj fØ;k&i¼fr crk;k gSA
            fxfyu bl n`f"Vdks.k dks vkSj Li"V djrs gq, crkrs gSa fd laLÑfr fØ;k ugha gS] cfYd bldk la:i.k gS ftldh
            jpuk Lo;a turk ugha fdUrq og usr`RoosÙkk djrk gS tks bu yksxksa dk vè;;udrkZ gksrk gSA blhfy, okLrfod
            thou ls laLÑfr dk varj fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
            mijksDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;ksa rks laLÑfr lkaLÑfrd usr`RoosÙkkvksa }kjk iz;qDr lokZf/d
            egÙoiw.kZ lacks/ jgk gS fdUrq bu lHkh osQ chp laLÑfr D;k gS] blosQ ckjs esa dksbZ ,derrk ugha gSA izR;sd
            n`f"Vdks.k us dbZ mi;ksxh 'kks/ksa dks fn'kk nh gSA laLÑfr D;k gS\ bldh vafre ifjHkk"kk nsuk rks Hkfo"; osQ
            'kks/drkZvksa dk gh dke gksxkA ;gk¡ ;g laosQr vo'; fn;k tk ldrk gS fd mijksDr n`f"Vdks.kksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh
            n`f"Vdks.k nwljksa ls vf/d Js"B ugha gSA

            6-1 laLÑfr osQ y{k.k (Characteristics of Culture)


            usr`RoosÙkkvksa us laLÑfr dh ifjHkk"kk nsus rd gh Lo;a dks O;Lr ugha j[kk gS] vfirq bUgksaus rqyukRed vè;;u
            }kjk laLÑfr osQ y{k.kksa osQ ckjs esa dfri; lkekU;hdj.k LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k gSA

            bZFkkal vkSj bZMkal (lalkè; ,oa lEewR;Z i{k)
            Økscj us laLÑfr osQ nks i{kksa ij è;ku fn;k gS ftUgsa mUgksaus bZFkkal vkSj bZMkal dgk gSA laLÑfr osQ jpuk&rRoksa
            ls izdV gksus okyk bldk vkSipkfjd O;Dr :i bZMkal gSA jpuk&rRoksa dh bl lEewrZrk (bZMkal) dh rqyuk esa
            bZFkkal laLÑfr dk og fØ;klkè; gS tks blosQ xq.k] bldh izsjd ekU;rkvksa (FkhEl) vkSj bldh vfHk#fp;ksa dks
            fu/kZfjr djrk gSA cVslu Hkh crkrs gSa fd izR;sd laLÑfr dks nks i{kksa eas foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA buesa ls
            bZFkkal dgk tkus okyk igyk i{k og gS ftldh jpuk ,d laLÑfr dh laiw.kZ laosxh lkxzgrk ls gksrh gSA bZMkal
            dgs tkus okys nwljs i{k esa ,d laLÑfr esa izpfyr laKkukRed izfØ;k ls izlwr lkxzgrk dk lekos'k gksrk gSA

            vfHkfgr (,DlfIyflV) vkSj fufgr (bafIyflV) rRo

            Dy[kksu dk dFku gS fd yksxksa osQ thou dh izR;sd oLrq laosnh voyksdu ek=k }kjk u rks le>h tk ldrh
            gS vkSj u gekjs Kku dk vax cukbZ tk ldrh gSA vk¡[k vkSj dku dh lgk;rk ls ftu ;FkkFkZrkvksa dk izR;{k.k
            fd;k tk ldrk gS mUgsa laLÑfr osQ vfHkfgr rRo dgk tkrk gSA oqQN ,sls vizdV rRo Hkh gksrs gSa ftudk izR;{k.k
            fdlh fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k osQ i'pkr~ gh fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd ;s rRo ekuo O;ogkj esa fufgr vfHkizsjdksa ,oa





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