Page 82 - DCAP303_MULTIMEDIA_SYSTEMS

Multimedia Systems

notes around the world. North America, parts of Central America, and South Korea are adopting the
ATSC standards, while other countries are adopting or have adopted other standards.

The NTSC was the first widely adopted broadcast colour system. After nearly 70 years of use,
the vast majority of over-the-air NTSC transmissions in the US were replaced with digital ATSC
on 12 June 2009 and 31 August 2011 in Canada and most other NTSC markets. Despite the shift
to digital broadcasting, standard definition television in these countries continues to follow the
NTSC standard in terms of frame rate and number of lines of resolution. In the US a small number
of short-range local and TV relay stations continue to broadcast NTSC, as the FCC allows. The
NTSC baseband video signals are also still often used in video playback (typically of recordings
from existing libraries using existing equipment) and in CCTV and surveillance video systems.
technical Details

SYSTEM NTSC M
Lines/Field 525/60
Horizontal Frequency 15.734 kHz
Vertical Frequency 60 Hz

Colour Subcarrier Frequency 3.579545 MHz
Video Bandwidth 4.2 MHz
Sound Carrier 4.5 MHz

The first NTSC standard was developed in 1941 and had no provision for
colour television. In 1953, a second modified version of the NTSC standard
was adopted, which allowed colour television broadcasting compatible with
the existing stock of black-and-white receivers.
5.2.2 phase alternating Line (paL)

The PAL, stand for Phase Alternating Line, is an analogue television colour encoding system used
in broadcast television systems in many countries. Other common analogue television systems
are NTSC and SECAM. This page primarily discusses the PAL colour encoding system.
In the 1950s, the Western European countries commenced planning to introduce colour television,
and were faced with the problem that the NTSC standard demonstrated several weaknesses,
including colour tone shifting under poor transmission conditions. To overcome NTSC’s
shortcomings, alternative standards were devised, resulting in the development of the PAL
and SECAM standards. The goal was to provide a colour TV standard for the European picture
frequency of 50 fields per second (50 hertz), and finding a way to eliminate the problems with
NTSC.

The PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Germany. The format was unveiled
in 1963, with the first broadcasts beginning in the United Kingdom in 1964 and Germany in 1967,
though the one BBC channel initially using the broadcast standard only began to broadcast in
colour from 1967.

SYSTEM PAL B,G,H PAL I PAL D PAL N PAL M
Line/Field 625/50 625/50 625/50 625/50 525/60
Horizontal 15.625 kHz 15.625 kHz 15.625 kHz 15.625 kHz 15.750 kHz
Frequency
Vertical Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz
Colour Sub Carrier

76 LoveLy professionaL University