Page 166 - DCAP506_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence

Notes  Important time savings can be attained.
 Many AI programs (in addition to more general ones) have used caching very successfully.

Notes Memorization is a key requirement for learning:
 It is a fundamental requirement for any intelligent program — is it a separate
learning process?

 Memorization can be a multifaceted subject — how best to amass knowledge?

Rote learning is basically a straightforward process. However it does demonstrate some issues
that are pertinent to more intricate learning issues.

 Organization
 access of the accumulated value must be quicker than it would be to recompute it.
Methods like hashing, indexing and sorting can be engaged to enable this.

 E.g. Samuel’s program indexed board positions by observing the number of pieces.
 Generalisation
 The number of potentially accumulated objects can be very huge. We may require to
simplify some information to make the problem controllable.

Example: E.g. Samuel’s program accumulated game positions only for white to move.
Also rotations along diagonals are united.
 Stability of the Environment
 Rote learning is not very efficient in a speedily varying environment. If the
environment does modify then we must identify and record exactly what has altered
the frame problem.

Self Assessment

Fill in the blanks:

3. ......................... is also known as memorization since the knowledge, without any alteration
is, just copied into the knowledge base.
4. ......................... is a key requirement for learning.

12.3 Learning by Taking Advice

This is a straightforward form of learning. Assume a programmer writes a set of directions to
instruct the computer what to accomplish, the programmer is a educator and the computer is a
learner. Once learned (i.e. programmed), the system will be in a situation to perform new
things.

The advice may come from many sources: human experts, internet to name a few. This type of
learning requires more inference than rote learning. The knowledge must be transformed into
an operational form before stored in the knowledge base. Moreover the reliability of the source
of knowledge should be considered.

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