Page 194 - DCAP506_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence

Notes influence to the user knowledge. In this case, the value of membership function for a set of
known concepts is increased for the concept that is explained in the unit. This can be applied only
to still unknown concepts, for which the value of membership function for a set of unknown
concepts is greater than zero.

Did u know? The actual increase in value also depends on the values of all prerequisite
concepts.

13.8.6 Knowledge Value Propagation

Because the domain concepts are interrelated, we can also infer knowledge values of some
concepts. This way, the knowledge of essential prerequisite concepts is inferred on the basis of
demonstrated concept knowledge. After every change of concept knowledge values, an inferring
mechanism (knowledge value propagation) is triggered that updates the values of all essential
prerequisite concepts. This propagation algorithm is based on six fuzzy rules and works
recursively on all essential prerequisite concepts, until it reaches the basic concepts that have no
prerequisites. This way, the changes of one concept values are reflected in values of all concepts
that are essential prerequisites to this concept. Its difficult to understand the uncertainty in ES for
this we take the help from the result of analysis in this field. For this we will see the following
analysis.

13.8.7 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Qualitative analysis can be defined as identifying qualitative structures, identifying the states of
those qualitative structures, and the pattern of changes (transformations) in those states.
Quantitative methods can sometimes be used to aid this process, but usually qualitative methods
are exclusively used for the analysis of qualitative data and structures for which quantities
proper are difficult to define. Thom (1975) argues that all quantitative analysis assumes a firm
qualitative foundation. Before they measure, people must agree that there is something to be
measured, and that is a qualitative judgment.

!
Caution People must agree that the measure (metric) they use is appropriate, and applicable
to other phenomena.

Example: As an example consider per capita income. It is apparently easy enough to
agree on the structure, but the metric is another issue. If currency is used as a metric, a poor
family in the United States would be a wealthy one in Pakistan. The metric can be further
adjusted by considering cost of living, but an acceptable level of living in the United States is not
equivalent to one in Pakistan. The problem is not difficult to understand qualitatively: there are
different standards in the two places. The two countries’ per capita income can be compared
quantitatively, but the interpretation of the comparison is qualitative. The quantitative analysis
is more difficult to reconcile, and indeed is undecidable without reference to qualitative structures
in the two societies.
In most cases quantitative analysis depends on continuity. To quantify a phenomenon
meaningfully it is usually necessary to assume that the relation between phenomena and metric
can be described by a continuous function, since a primary goal of quantification is to provide
a basis for comparison. For phenomena where the analytic focus is on states this is often

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