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Network Operating Systems-I

notes Let’s try another example. We will look at the bash program which is located in the /bin
directory:
$ ls -l /bin/bash
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 316848 Feb 27 2000 /bin/bash
Here we can see:
1. The file “/bin/bash” is owned by user “root”

2. The superuser has the right to read, write, and execute this file
3. The file is owned by the group “root”
4. Members of the group “root” can also read and execute this file
5. Everybody else can read and execute this file
In the Figure 10.1, we see how the first portion of the listing is interpreted. It consists of a character
indicating the file type, followed by three sets of three characters that convey the reading, writing
and execution permission for the owner, group, and everybody else.

figure 10.1: file permission

10.3.2 file and Directory types

Like that legacy operating system, the files on a Linux system are arranged in what is called
a hierarchical directory structure. This means that they are organized in a tree-like pattern of
directories (called folders in other systems), which may contain files and other directories. The
first directory in the file system is called the root directory. The root directory contains files and
subdirectories which contain more files and subdirectories and so on.
Most graphical environments today include a file manager program to view and manipulate the
contents of the file system. Often you will see the file system represented like this:

182 LoveLy professionaL university