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Network Operating Systems-I

notes As a result the site went out of action temporarily. Within days it came back to life with
additional infrastructure. As a result, it has now 30 servers all over the world, and the
men behind it claim that any one server disabled because of police action will not affect its
service elsewhere in the world. (Many legal pundits point out that this is one factor that
could help Pirate Bay get away.
How can persons hounding Pirate Bay pursue cases in so many countries that have widely
varying copyright and cyber laws?)
Also, the police raid gave huge publicity to Pirate Bay which from then on acquired a
celebrity status. It became a kind of a “folk hero” as one observer put it.
Pirate Bay operators are not penitent. Nor are they worried about the outcome of the
trial. They are credited with the position that the site would continue whatever be the
conclusion.
What should encourage them further in their battle with Swedish law enforcement and
the music/film industry is the fact that, on the second day of the trial itself, the Swedish
prosecutor dropped one of the charges: copying films and music without authorisation.
The only charge that will now be pursued is that which accuses Pirate Bay of making movies
or music protected by IPR accessible to the public. This is an interesting development.
Pirate Bays are ecstatic at this.
Apart from upholding Pirate Bay, the prosecution volte face should encourage or at least
give ideas to those who offer services similar to the former.

Further proceedings in this trial, described by some as the ‘Internet Piracy Trial of the
Decade’, should be absorbing. This has attracted so many that there is live audio coverage
of daily proceedings. This has warmed the hearts of those on trial. In the words of Mark
Mulligan of Forrester Research: “After every victory, file sharing has got bigger. I see no
reason why the same won’t happen again this time.”
The question is who is going to win?
The writer is a former CBI Director who is currently Adviser (Security) to TCS Ltd.
Source: http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/ew/2009/02/23/stories/2009022350040200.htm

10.5 summary

In Linux the command line interpreter is known as the shell. Whatever you type at the command
line is understood and interpreted by a program and then that program gives you an output
after executing your command. bash or Bourne Again shell is the standard GNU shell. The shell
associates a job with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed
with the jobs command. Bash uses the job abstraction as the basis for job control. This variable
controls how the shell interacts with the user and job control. All the programs that run under
Linux are called as processes. Processes run continuously in Linux and you can kill or suspend
different processes using various commands. Like that legacy operating system, the files on a
Linux system are arranged in what is called a hierarchical directory structure. This means that
they are organized in a tree-like pattern of directories (called folders in other systems), which may
contain files and other directories. The first directory in the file system is called the root directory.
The root directory contains files and subdirectories which contain more files and subdirectories
and so on and so on. A Linux system, just like UNIX, makes no difference between a file and a
directory, since a directory is just a file containing names of other files. Programs, services, texts,
images, and so forth, are all files. A file system is an organization of data and metadata on a
storage device. Most files are just files, called regular files; they contain normal data, for example
text files, executable files or programs, input for or output from a program and so on. As a user,

196 LoveLy professionaL university