Page 46 - DCAP506_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence

Notes blind from birth can still converse in the similar language as sighted people concerning
three dimensional objects.

Notes We require a formalism that regards three dimensional objects as instances of
patterns and their two dimensional appearances as projections of these patterns altered by
lighting and occlusion.

7. Objects can be prepared by shaping materials and by merging other objects. They can also
be taken distant, cut apart or destroyed in various manners. What people recognize about
the relations among materials and objects remains to be illustrated.
8. Modal concepts such as event e1 caused event e2 and person e can do action a are required.
(McCarthy and Hayes 1969) considers ability as a function of a person’s position in a
fundamental system and not at all as a function of his interior structure. This still appears
correct, but that action is only metaphysically adequate, since it doesn’t give for expressing
the information about capability that people really have.
9. Assume now that the problem can be formalized in terms of a single state that is altered by
events. In appealing cases, the set of components of the state relies on the problem, but
general knowledge is generally expressed in terms of the effect of an action on one or a
few components of the state. Though, it cannot always be presumed that the other
components are unaltered, especially since the state can be illustrated in a variety of
co-ordinate systems and the meaning of changing a single co-ordinate relies on the
co-ordinate system. The problem of showing information regarding what remains
unchanged by an event was known as the frame problem in (McCarthy and Hayes 1969).
Minsky consequently confused matters by means of the word “frame” for patterns into
which situations may fit. (His hypothesis appears to have been that almost all conditions
encountered in human problem solving fit into a small number of previously recognized
patterns of situation and goal. I consider this as unlikely in difficult problems).
10. The frame problem may be a sub case of what we consider the qualification problem, and a good
solution of the qualification problem may solve the frame problem also. In the missionaries
and cannibals problem, a boat holding two people is declared to be obtainable. In the
declaration of the problem, nothing is said regarding how boats are used to cross rivers,
so obviously this information must come from general knowledge, and a computer
program capable of solving the problem from an English description or from a conversion
of this description into logic must have the necessary common knowledge. The simplest
statement regarding the use of boats says something like, “If a boat is at one point on the shore
of a body of water, and a set of things enter the boat, and the boat is propelled to the another point on
the shore, and the things exit the boat, then they will be at the second point on the shore”. Though,
this statement is too rigid to be true, since anyone will admit that if the boat is a rowboat
and has a leak or no oars, the action may not attain its desired result. One might try
altering the familiar knowledge statement regarding boats, but this encounters difficulties
when a critic asks for a qualification that the vertical exhaust stack of a diesel boat must not
be struck square by a cow turd dropped by a passing hawk or some other event that no-
one has earlier thought of. We require to be able to say that the boat can be accessed as a
vehicle for crossing a body of water unless something averts it. Though, as we are not
willing to set the limits of in advance possible situations that may avert the use of the boat,
there is still a problem of confirming or at least conjecturing that nothing averts the use of
the boat. The decline of the frame problem to the qualification problem has not been fully
executed, however.

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