Page 28 - DENG401_Advance Communication Skills

Unit 1: Simple Rule for Pronunciation & Intonation

2. Final ‘ed’ Notes
(a) Type one sound /T/
You make this sound by ‘unsticking’ your tongue from the roof of your mouth and
pushing air out of your mouth at the same time. The vocal chords aren’t used (sound
at the end of ‘at’)
We use this sound when a word ends in an unvoiced phoneme (your vocal chords
aren’t used):

Standard phonetic symbols Your phonetic symbols Example word
/s/ /S/ passed, placed
/?/ /SH/ washed, wished
/t?/ /TCH/ watched, matched
/p/ /P/ stopped, trapped
/k/ /K/ locked, packed
/f/ /F/ laughed, coughed
/θ/ /θ/ Frothed

This sound is formed in the same way as type 1, but you must use your vocal chords
at the same time (sound at the beginning of ‘do’).

Words ending in voiced phonemes (with sound produced by your vocal chords) are
pronounced with a type 2 ‘ed’:

Standard phonetic symbols Your phonetic symbols Example word
/z/ /Z/ buzzed, amazed
/b/ /B/ grabbed, robbed
/g/ /G/ bugged, tagged
/v/ /V/ loved, craved
/ / /DZ/ breathed, bathed
/l/ /L/ piled, failed
/m/ /M/ drummed, rammed
/n/ /N/ rained, pinned
/ / /Ñ/ pinged, wronged
/d?/ /DJ/ judged, raged
any vowel sound any vowel sound played, employed, tried, flowed, skied

(c) Type three /ID/

Type 3 ‘ed’ adds an additional syllable in the same way as type 3 final ‘s’. For
example, the past of ‘mend’ is pronounced /MEN DID/ with stress on the first
syllable.

Words ending in /t/ and /d/ sounds are type three, but some adjectives also have
this sound.

Standard phonetic symbols Phonetic symbols Example word
/t/ /T/ waited, retreated
/d/ /D/ handed, ended
Adjectives with type 3 'ed'
aged, learned, naked, ragged, rugged, wicked, wretched

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