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Unit 9: Dictionaries

Notes
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Caution They should be used with caution and checked with the other dictionaries for the
difference in shades of meanings.

Example: Webster’s new Dictionary of Synonyms: A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms
with Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words/ed. By G & C Merriam Co., 1980.
Hindi Paryayavachi Kosh/comp. By Bhola Nath Tiwari. Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan, 1990.

(v) Usage Dictionaries: Some for the comprehensive dictionaries define varying usage of
words by giving illustration in the form of sentences or quotations. Usage
dictionaries deal extensively with grammar, syntax, style, idiom, and usage of right
words.

Example: A dictionary of Modern English Usage/by H.W. Fowler. Ed. 3/ed. By Robert
William Brichfield. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

Hindi Shabdavali aur Proyog/comp. By Sita Ram Shastri. Agra: Kendriya Hindi
Sansthan, 1972. 2 Parts.

It is programmed dictionary prepared for non-Hindi speaking learners.
(vi) Etymological and Historical Dictionaries: Etymology means the science of the origin and
history of words. Etymological dictionaries give the history of words, their origin
and derivation in the development of a language.

Example: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology/ed. By T. F. Hood.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
(2) Dictionaries Covering a Special Type or Class of Words: This group of special purpose
dictionaries covers specific class of words. These words may or may not be included in the
general dictionaries. They are of various types. Important types under this are:
(i) Dictionary of Slang Words: Words that are commonly used in every day conversation
with friends or colleagues but are not suitable for formal communication or good
writing are called slang words.

Example: A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English Colloquialisms and Catch
Phrases, Solecism and Catechisms, Nicknames, Vulgarisms and Such Americanisms as have
Naturalised/by Eric Partridge and Paul Beale. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang/ed. By John Simpson and John Ayto. Oxford
University Press, 1993.
(ii) Dictionary of Obsolete Words: There are words, which were in use earlier but have
disappeared from the current use of language. These words are known as obsolete
and so are omitted from the modern English dictionaries. Dictionaries recording
such obsolete words are termed dictionaries of obsolete words.

Example: Dictionary of Early English/by Shipley. New York: Philosophical
Library, 1955.

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