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Unit 11: Programming Process
HTTP/1.0 200 OK Notes
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
followed by the content of the requested page. The Hypertext Markup Language for a basic web
page looks like
<html>
<head>
<title>World Wide Web - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The <b>World Wide Web</b>, abbreviated as <b>WWW</b> and commonly known ...</p>
</body>
</html>
The web browser parses the HTML, interpreting the markup (<title>, <b> for bold, and such)
that surrounds the words in order to draw that text on the screen.
Many web pages consist of more elaborate HTML which references the URLs of other resources such
as images, other embedded media, scripts that affect page behavior, and Cascading Style Sheets that
affect page layout. A browser that handles complex HTML will make additional HTTP requests to
the web server for these other Internet media types. As it receives their content from the web
server, the browser progressively renders the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML and
these additional resources.
11.4.2 Linking
Most web pages contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloadable files,
source documents, definitions and other web resources. Graphic representation of a minute
fraction of the WWW, demonstrating hyperlinks such a collection of useful, related resources,
interconnected via hypertext links is dubbed a web of information. Publication on the Internet
created what Tim Berners-Lee first called the Worldwide Web (in its original CamelCase, which
was subsequently discarded) in November 1990.
Over time, many web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with
different content. This makes hyperlinks obsolete, a phenomenon referred to in some circles as link
rot and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called dead links. The ephemeral nature of the Web
has prompted many efforts to archive web sites. The Internet Archive, active since 1996, is one
of the best-known efforts.
11.4.3 Dynamic Updates of Web Pages
JavaScript is a scripting language that was initially developed in 1995 by Brendan Eich, then of
Netscape, for use within web pages. To overcome some of the limitations of the page-by-page
model described above, some web applications also use Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML).
JavaScript is delivered with the page that can make additional HTTP requests to the server, either
in response to user actions such as mouse-clicks, or based on lapsed time. The server’s responses
are used to modify the current page rather than creating a new page with each response. Thus the
server only needs to provide limited, incremental information. Since multiple Ajax requests can
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