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Quantitative Techniques – I




                    Notes          4.  To present data in a minimum space.
                                   5.  To detect errors and omissions in the data.
                                   6.  To facilitate comparison of data.
                                   7.  To facilitate reference.

                                   8.  To identify trend and tendencies of the given data.
                                   9.  To facilitate statistical analysis.

                                   3.1.1 Difference between Classification and Tabulation

                                   The basic points of difference between classification and tabulation, inspite of the fact that these
                                   are closely related, are as given below:

                                   1.  Classification of data is basis for tabulation because first the data are classified and then
                                       tabulated.
                                   2.  By classification the data are divided into various groups and subgroups on the basis of
                                       their similarities and dissimilarities while tabulation is a process of arranging the classified
                                       data in rows and columns with suitable heads and subheads.
                                   3.1.2 Main Parts of a Table


                                   The main parts of a table are as given below:
                                   1.  Table Number: This number is helpful in the identification of a table. This is often indicated
                                       at the top of the table.
                                   2.  Title: Each table should have a title to indicate the scope, nature of contents of the table in
                                       an unambiguous and concise form.

                                   3.  Captions and stubs: A table is made up of rows and columns. Headings or subheadings
                                       used to designate columns are  called captions while those  used to designate rows are
                                       called stubs. A caption or a stub should be self explanatory. A provision of totals of each
                                       row or column should always be made in every table by providing an additional column
                                       or row respectively.
                                   4.  Main Body of the Table: This is the most important part of the table as it contains numerical
                                       information. The size and shape of the main body should be planned in view of the nature
                                       of figures and the objective of investigation. The arrangement of numerical data in main
                                       body is done from top to bottom in columns and from left to right in rows.
                                   5.  Ruling and Spacing: Proper ruling and spacing is very important in the construction of a
                                       table. Vertical lines are drawn to separate various columns with the exception of sides of
                                       a table. Horizontal lines are normally not drawn in the body of a table, however, the totals
                                       are always separated from the main body by  horizontal lines. Further, the  horizontal
                                       lines are drawn at the top and the bottom of a table.

                                       Spacing of various horizontal and vertical lines should be done depending on the available
                                       space. Major and minor items should be given space according to their relative importance.
                                   6.  Head-note: A head-note is often given below the title of a table to indicate the units of
                                       measurement of the data. This is often enclosed in brackets.
                                   7.  Foot note: Abbreviations, if any, used in the table or some other explanatory notes are
                                       given just below the last horizontal line in the form of footnotes.




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