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ik'pkR; jktuhfr fopkj



                    uksV             rRdkyhu ;wukuh uxj jkT;ksa dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ lUnHkZ esa bldk egRo furkUr Li"V gSA IysVksdkyhu ;wukuh
                                     lekt eas cM+h vO;oLFkk iSQyh gqbZ Fkh vkSj izR;sd jkT; èkuh rFkk fuèkZu] nks ijLij fojksèkh oxks± esa caVs gq,
                                     FksA ml le; ^ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal* dk fl¼kar fØ;kRed :i esa rks izpfyr Fkk gh] Fkzslhesdl tSls
                                     lksfiQLV fopkjd cqf¼ ,oa roZQ dh n`f"V ls Hkh bls U;k; laxr Bgjk jgs FksA buosQ fojksèk esa uSfrdrk vkSj
                                     lnkpj.k dks izfrf"Br djus osQ fy, rFkk rRdkyhu jkT; vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dh oqQjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus
                                     osQ fy, IysVks us Js"B rdks± osQ vkèkkj ij U;k; ij fopkj dks izfrikfnr fd;kA la{ksi esa] IysVks dk U;k; LoèkeZ
                                     dk fl¼kar gS] lnkpj.k dk fl¼kar gS] uSfrdrk dk fl¼kar gS] tks dkuwuh U;k; dh vis{kk dgha vfèkd O;kid
                                     gSA

                                  1-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)


                                        • vfHkjkeμvkd"kZd O;fDrRoA
                                        • galksM+μg¡leq[k] g¡lus&eqLdjkus ,oa izlUu jgus okykA

                                  1-6 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)


                                    1. IysVks osQ thouo`Ùk dk o.kZu dhft,A
                                    2. IysVks osQ vkn'kZ jkT; osQ fl¼kar dh O;k[;k dhft,A
                                    3. IysVks ij lqdjkr dk lS¼kafrd izHkko FkkA bl dFku dh leh{kk dhft,A

                                    4. IysVks osQ vkn'kZ jkT; dh voèkkj.kk dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A
                                    5. D;k IysVks dk vkn'kZ jkT; dkYifud gS\ fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
                                    6. IysVks osQ U;k; fl¼kar dk fo'ys"k.kkRed o.kZu dhft,A
                                  mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu  (Answer: Self Assessment)

                                      1.  1. (d)              2. (d)            3. (?k)

                                      2.  1. nk'kZfud         2. U;k; osQ fl¼kar  3. nk'kZfud jktk

                                      3.  1. lR;              2. lR;            3. vlR;

                                  1-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)





                                            1. jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk bfrgkl (IysVks ls coZQ)μMk- izHkqnÙk 'kekZ] dkyst cqd fMiks] t;iqj]
                                               fnYyhA
                                            2. jktuhfrd ¯pru osQ vkpk;Zμ fgUnh ekè;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;A

                                            3. ik'pkR; jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl (IysVks ls ekDlZ)] Mk- ch- ,y- iQfM+;k lkfgR; Hkou
                                               ifCyosQ'ku] vkxjkA








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