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bdkbZ—10% lkekftd ifjorZu
i¼fr dk p;u fd;kA lÙkj o"kZ okn 1991 esa :l esa lkE;okn dh Hkh e`R;q gks xbZA vkt Hkkjr esa lektokn uksV
dk i{k/j dksbZ Hkh ugha gSA jktuSfrd lÙkk esa Hkkjr osQ f'kf{kr oxZ dk ,d cM+k Hkkx rFkk 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa
yxs ;qodksa dks lektoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lgkuqHkwfr ugha gSA ns[kuk 'ks"k gS fd ubZ mnkjoknh uhfr;k¡ rFkk
Li¼kZRed xSj lektoknh uhfr;k¡ dgk¡ rd Hkkjr dks y{; izkfIr rd igq¡pk,axhA
lkekftd ifjorZu lkaLd`frd ;k lH;rkewyd ifjorZu ls fHkUu gSaA lkekftd ifjorZu esa lkekftd
laca/ksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
10-1-4 lkekftd ifjorZu dk <k¡pk
;ksxsUnz flag us lkekftd ifjorZu ij vius izkjEHk osQ ys[kksas esa (1969%11) Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu osQ
vè;;u dh izd`fr vkSj izfØ;k ij rhu mikxeksa dh ppkZ dh Fkh% nk'kZfud&,sfrgkfld vkSj mikxe] lkekftd
ekuo 'kkL=kh; vkSj lekt'kkL=kh; mikxeA
nk'kZfud&,sfrgkfld mikxe osQ lzksr Hkkjrh; ,oa if'peh nksuksa gh crk;s x, gSaA Hkkjrh; n'kZu vkSj /eZ us
ifjorZu osQ nk'kZfud fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fd;k ftldh fo'ks"krk Fkh lekt esa dky pØh; xfr (foy;&izy;]
lr;qx&dfy;qx)] tks le;≤ ij vorkjksa osQ }kjk [kf.Mr fd;k x;k rFkk iqu% lfØ; fd;k x;kA bl
fl¼kUr dk vk/kj deZ&/eZ vkSj eks{k esa fo'okl gSA ,d le; Fkk tc bl fl¼kUr ij n`<+ fo'okl fd;k tkrk
Fkk] ysfdu vc ;g foyqIr gksrk tk jgk gS] D;ksafd bldk O;ofLFkr fo'ys"k.k lEHko ugha gSA ,sfrgkfld mikxe
ls lkekftd ifjorZu dk vè;;u Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ vkys[kksa (records) }kjk gksrk gS_ mnkgj.kkFkZ] tkfr izFkk
esa ifjorZu ;k fL=k;ksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dk vè;;u fofo/ ;qxksa osQ ,sfrgkfld vkys[kksa osQ vk/kj ij fd;k
tkrk gS] tSls ekS;Z dky] xqIr dky] czkãf.kd dky] eqxy dky] fczfV'k dky rFkk Lokra=k;ksÙkj dkyA bl
mikxe dh lhek ;g gS fd ,sfrgkfld vkys[k lHkh miyC/ ugha gks ikrs gSaA ifj.kker% bl mikxe ij fuHkZj
jgus ls lekt'kkL=kh; lkekU;hdj.k Hkzked gks ldrk gSA lkekftd ekuo 'kkL=kh; mikxe vU; nksuksa mikxeksa dh
vis{kk vf/d O;ofLFkr le>k tk ldrk gSA bl mikxe esa xgu {ks=kh; dk;Z (intensive field work) ;k
lgHkkfxd voyksdu (participant observation) fof/ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj osQ mikxe esa
lS¼kfUrd izLFkkiuk,a (propositions) ekuotkrh; vkadM+ksa (ethnographic data) dh O;k[;k djrs gSa tks ;k
rks vè;;udrkZ osQ Lo;a osQ ;k nwljksa osQ {ks=kh; dk;Z osQ ifj.kke gksrs gSaA ,e- ,u- Jhfuokl dk fopkj gS fd
dqN lIrkg ;k dqN ekg lwpuknkrkvksa osQ LkkFk nqHkkf"k, osQ ekè;e ls jgus ls vè;;u fd, tkus okys yksxksa osQ
fo"k; esa fo'oluh; n`f"Vdks.k izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA lkekftd ekuo'kkf=k;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gSA fd
os mu yksxksa osQ chp de ls de lky Ms<+ lky O;rhr djsa] mudh Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk izkIr djsa] vkSj ftruk
voyksdu dj losQa mruk djsaA fczfV'k ekuo'kkL=kh laLd`fr dks egRo ugha nsrs cfYd lekt] lkekftd lajpuk
vkSj lkekftd laca/ksa dks vf/d egRo nsrs gSaA os vc ^rqyukRed fof/* (comparative method) dk Hkh
iz;ksx djrs gSa ftlesa fofo/ lektksa dk vè;;u lfEefyr gSA ;g tkurs gq, fd lekt dh fofHkUu laLFkk,a
ijLij lacaf/r gSa] lkekftd ekuo'kkL=kh fof'k"V laLFkk osQ lHkh lEc¼ laLFkkvksa dk vè;;u djrk gSA bl
ekuo'kkL=kh; mikxe dh lhek ;g gS fd;g lw{e Lrj (microcosm) osQ vk/kj ij LFkwy Lrj (macrocosm)
osQ fo"k; esa lkekU;hdj.k dk iz;Ru djrk gSA ;g fufoZokn dYiuk lkoZHkkSfedrk ,oa le#irk ij vk/kfjr gSA
ysfdu Hkkjr esa fo"kerk vkSj fofo/rk vf/d gSA bl izdkj ,d xk¡o osQ fdlh laLFkk (tSls&ifjokj] tkfr
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