Page 8 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_HINDI

lkekftd lajpuk ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu

uksV e`Ù;q lEcU/h izFkkvksa vkSj vkpj.kksa esa Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA oLrqr% Hkkjr bl izdkj dh fofHkUurk esa vuqlj.kh;
,drk dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA Hkkjr us fczfV'k 'kklu osQ fo#¼ ,d laxfBr bdkbZ osQ :i esa la?k"kZ fd;k FkkA
vusd foinkvksa vkSj ck/kvksa osQ jgrs gq, Hkh LorU=k Hkkjr ,d laxfBr jk"Vª gSA viuh lkekftd fojklr osQ
vuq:i ,drk dh /kj.kk izÙ;sd ,sfrgkfld d`Ù;ksa vkSj lkekftd&lkaLd`frd rF;ksa esa n`f"Vxr gSA Hkkjr ,d èkeZ
fujis{k jkT; gSA Hkkjr dk ,d lafo/ku gS ftlesa fofHkUu {ks=kksa] /eks±] laLd`fr;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksa osQ yksxksa dks
vk'oklu iznku fd;k x;k gSA lafo/ku esa fofHkUu lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrjksa osQ yksxksa osQ fgrksa dks è;ku esa
j[kk x;k gSA fu/Zu o detksj oxks± osQ mÙFkku osQ fy, iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa vkSj vusd fodkl lEcU/h ;kstukvksa
dks fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k gSA

1-1 Hkkjr esa ,drk vkSj fofo/rk (Unity and Diversity in India)

Hkkjr fo'o dk lkroka cM+k rFkk nwljk lcls ?kuh vkcknh okyk ns'k gS] tks fo'o osQ lEiw.kZ {ks=kiQy dk
2-4 izfr'kr vf/Hkksx djrk gSA ;gk¡ fo'o tula[;k dk yxHkx 15 izfr'kr Hkkx fofo/ lkekftd] vkfFkZd]
HkkSxksfyd ,oa ikfjfLFkfrd n'kkvksa (ecological conditions) osQ chp jgrk gSA blosQ lkFk ,d 5000 o"kZ dh
vof/ dk ekuo thou dk vrhr Hkh gS ftlesa bZlk ls 3000 iwoZ osQ rFkk 2000 i'pkr osQ o"kZ lfEefyr gSaA
bl ns'k osQ ikl og lkaLd`frd fojklr Hkh gS tks bls vkizoklh] vk;ks± ls (tks fgekpy ikj ls ;gk¡ vk;s Fks)
rFkk ewy nzfoM+ksa vkSj vkØe.kdkjh lH;rkvksa ls izkIr gqbZA Hkkjr dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLd`frd
fofoèkrk,a ;gk¡ dh xzkeh.k o 'kgjh fuokl dh n'kkvksa esa Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSaA ;gk¡ osQ 'kgjh {ks=k dh dqy
21-718 djksM+ tula[;k (1991 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj) vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd pkj egkuxjksa (fnYyh] enzkl]
dydÙkk] cEcbZ) dh dqy tula[;k (yxHkx pkj djksM+) vf/drj fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa dh tukla[;k ls dgha
vf/d gSA ;gk¡ ,d gtkj O;fDr;ksa dh cfLr;ka Hkh gSa] rks ,d djksM+ rd dh tula[;k okyh cfLr;ka Hkh gSaA

1-1-1 fofo/rk dh izd`fr

fofo/rk fofo/ iztkfr;ksa] /eks±] tkfr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa] Hkk"kkvksa] lkekftd izFkkvksa] lkaLd`frd o mi&lkaLd`frd fo'oklksa]
jktuSfrd n'kZu ,oa fopkj/kjkvksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA o`gr n`f"Vdks.k ls fofo/rk,a bu {ks=kksa esa Li"V gSa%
Hkk"kk,a (Languages)—;|fi Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa 18 izeq[k Hkk"kkvksa dks (mu rhu Hkk"kkvksa lfgr ftUgsa vxLr
1992) esa ekU;rk nh xbZ Fkh) ekU;rk izkIr gS fdUrq yxHkx 1652 Hkk"kk,a ,oa cksfy;ka gekjs ns'k esa cksyh tkrh
gSaA ;s Hkk"kk,a rhu Hkk"kk&ifjokjksa ls lEc¼ gSa% bUMks vk;Zu] nzfoM] vkSj ;wjksih;A bUMks vk;Zu Hkk"kkvksa esa fgUnh]
caxyk] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] mfM+;k] iatkch] fcgkjh] jktLFkkuh] vleh] laLd`r] flU/h vkSj d'ehjh Hkk"kk,a lfEefyr
gSa tks Hkkjr dh rhu&pkSFkkbZ tula[;k }kjk cksyh tkrh gSaA nzfoM+ Hkk"kkvksa esa rfey] rsyqxw] ey;kyevkSj dUuM+]
Hkk"kk,a lfEefyr gSa_ rFkk ;wjksih; Hkk"kkvksa esa vaxzsT+kh] iqrZxkyh] vkSj izSaQp Hkk"kk,a lfEefyr gSaA vfUre nks Hkk"kk,a
vf/drj xksvk rFkk ikf.Mpsjh esa cksyh tkrh gSaA

fgUnh Hkkjr dh ljdkjh (official) Hkk"kk gS vkSj vaxzsth lg;ksxh (associated) Hkk"kkA 1991 osQ vkadM+ksa osQ vuqlkj
fgUnh lokZf/d yksxksa }kjk cksyh tkrh gS (24-78 djksM+)] rÙi'pkr rsyqxw (7-20 djksM+)]
caxyk (7-17 djksM+)] ejkBh (6-72 djksM+)] rfey (6-06 djksM+)] mnZw (4-61 djksM+)] xqtjkrh (4-13 djksM+)]
ey;kye (3-53 djksM+)] dUuM+ (3-47 djksM+)] mfM+;k (3-17 djksM+)] Hkkstiqjh (2-31 djksM+) vkSj
iatkch (2-24 djksM+) cksyh tkrh gSA 'ks"k Hkk"kk,a cksyus okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k nl yk[k vkSj nks djksM+ osQ
chp gSA dqN jkT; rks vkT+kknh osQ ckn Hkk"kk osQ vk/kj ij gh iquZxfBr fd;s x;s Fks] tSls iatkc nks Hkkxksa iatkc
o gfj;k.k esa caVk_ egkjk"Vª nks Hkkxksa egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr esa ckaVk x;kA dqN jkT; tSls feT+kksje rFkk ukxkyS.M
lkaLd`frd vk/kj ij cuk, x,A

2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY