Page 162 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_PUNJABI

smStI ArQSwsqr dy isDWq

È؇ commercial banks to expand secondary deposits either through the process of making loans or
through investment in securities . - Newlyn)
jI. An. hw`m dy muqwbk, “gox jmw dw inrmwx hI swK inrmwx kihlwdW hY[” (The creation of derivative
deposits is identical with what is commonly called the creation of credit. – G. N. Halm)
swK inrmwx dI kwrvweI dw ivSlySx krx qo pihlW kul mul AvDwrxwvW dw igAwn pwTkW dy leI apXogI
isD hovygw[

’∆ Âπ√ƒ ‹≈‰Á∂ ‘Ø kryNsI dI mwqrw kyNdrI bYNk dy rwhI qY huMdI hY[

17.3 kuJ mul AvDwrxwvW (Some Basic Concepts)
(1) mMg jmW (Demand Deposits)– bYNk dI aus jmw ƒ ikhw jwdW hY ijsƒ jmw krx vwlw iksy vI vyly
cyk jwrI krky k`fvw skdw hY[ ijsƒ ‘cyk jmw’ (Chequing Deposits or Chequable Deposits) vI ikhw
jwdW hY[
iesdW ivsqwr nwl vrxn ies qrW hY –
(i) pRwQimk jW nkd jmw (Primary or Cash Deposits) – aus DMn rwiS ƒ, jyVW lokW rwhI bYNkW dy iv`c nkd
mudrw dy rup iv`c jmw krvweI jWdI hY, pRwQimk jW nkd jmw khdy hn[ iesƒ inSkirAw jmw (Passive
Deposits) vI ikhw jwdw hY ikauik ies jmW dw inrmwx krx iv`c ivAwpwirk bYNkW dI koeI Buimkw nhI
huMdI[ iehojI jmw kIqI geI rwSI purI qrw jmw krx vwly dI ieCw qy inrBr krdI hY[
(ii) swK jmw jW gox jmw (Derivative or Secondary Deposits) – jd koeI ivAkqI bYNk qo krz lYx
dy leI jwdW hY qd bYNk ausƒ ieh krz nkd rwSI dy rup iv`c nhI iddw blik auhdy nW dw iek Kwqw
Kol iddw hY Aqy ausƒ cyk rwhI auhdy iv`co rupy k`fx dw AiDkwr dy iddw hY[ ies qrw dI jmw ƒ swK
jmw jW gox jmw ikhw jwdW hY[ iesleI bYNk rwhI idqw igAw swry krz nvI jmw dw inrmwx krdy hn[
gox jmw pRwQimk jmw dw pirxwm hY ikauik bYNk pRwQimk jmw dy iek ihsy ƒ irzrv iv`c rKky hI gox
jmw dw inrmwx krdw hY[ hw`m dy muqwbk, gox jmw dw inrmwx hI swK inrmwx hY, iek bYNk ijnW v`D
krz iddw hY, aunI hI v`D swK jmW jW gox jmw dw inrmwx hodw hY[ qdy hI qW ieh ikhw jw skdw hY,
“krz, jmw rwiSAW dw inrmwx krdy hn Aqy jmw rwiSAW krz dw inrmwx krdI hY[” (According
to Halm, creation of secondary deposit is credit creation; larger the amount that a bank
advances, greater is the creation of secondary deposits or loans created. That is why it
is said, “ loans create deposits and deposits create loans.”)
mMg jmw = pRwQimk jmw + gox jW swK jmw
(Demand Deposits = Primary Deposits + Secondary or Derivative Deposits)

(2) nkd AwriSq Anupwq (Cash Reserve Ratio) – iehdy iv`c koeI Sk nhI ik bYNk krz dyky v`D qo v`D
lwB kmwxw cwaudw hY pr iehdw Bwv ieh nhI ik auh ApxI swrI nkdI krz iv`c dy dyvygy[ jyVy lok bYNkW
iv`c pYSw jmw krdy hn, auh iesƒ iksy vI vyly k`fvw skdy hn, ikauik ieh auhnW dw Apxy pYsy hn[iesleI
bYNk kul jmw rwiS dw iek ihsw hmySw Apxy kol nkd AwriSq iniD (Cash Reserve) dy rup iv`c r`Kdy hn,
ijdy nwl jmw krx vwilAw dI jrUrqW ƒ purW ikqw jw sky[ kul jmw dw auh ih`sw ijsƒ bYNk Apxy kol nkd
rup iv`c rKdw hY, ausƒ nkd AwriSq Anupwq (Cash Reserve Ratio) ikhw jwdW hY[
(3) Brmwr jW PwlqU koS (Excess Reserves) – auh rwiS jyVI bYNk dy kol lox muqwbk nkd AwriSq Anupwq
(CRR) qo v`D huMdI hY ausƒ Brmwr jW PwlqU koS khdy hn[ hik`kq iv`c, iehI auh PwlqU koS (Excess
Reserve) hY jyVw swK dy inrmwx dw AwDwr bxdw hY[

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