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Development of Education System

Notes States, who was the Chairperson, Jacques Maritain, René Cassin and Stephane Hessel of France,
Charles Malik of Lebanon, and P. C. Chang of the Republic of China, among others. Humphrey
provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission.

Canadian John Peters Humphrey was called upon by the United Nations Secretary-
General to work on the project and became the Declaration’s principal drafter. At the
time Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights
within the United Nations Secretariat.

30.1.3 Rights under Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The first comprehensive and universally valid human rights document was the United Nations
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted in 1948 in the aftermath of the
horrors of the Second World War. The Declaration contains all the various categories and
principles of the human rights system.
There are civil and political rights; economic, social and cultural rights; and solidarity rights.
Certain basic human rights principles apply to all these rights. For example, no one may be
discriminated against on the grounds of origins, colour, religion, sex, age, language or assets.
Moreover, states must provide every person with effective legal recourse to assert guaranteed
rights. Finally, all people should be in a position to determine the way in which their rights are
realised. For example, the right to education includes the right of parents to decide whether
their children attend a state school or a Montessori school.
The main civil and political rights are:
• right to life, liberty and security of person
• prohibition of slavery
• prohibition of torture
• right to a fair trial
• protection of privacy and family life
• freedom of movement
• freedom of opinion and religion
• freedom of assembly and association
• right to vote
The main economic, social and cultural rights are:
• right to work, reasonable pay and free choice of employment
• right to form trade unions
• right to a reasonable standard of living, right to food
• right to reasonable health care
• right to education
• right to participate in cultural and social life
The main solidarity rights are:
• right of peoples to self-determination
• right to peace
• right to a clean environment
• right to development
Civil and political rights are sometimes called first-generation human rights. They arose during
the Enlightenment in the 18th century and reflect the idea of individual freedom with respect to
the state and the democratic idea of participation. Second-generation human rights are the
economic, social and cultural rights that developed during the labour movements of the 19th

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