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Development of Education System

Notes (ii) The Universal declaration of human rights was officially ratified on ...................... .
(a) 11 November, 1945 (b) 10 December, 1948
(c) 2 October, 1940 (d) 7 September, 1946
(iii) The declaration of human rights includes ....................... articles which clearly outline
basic human rights such as freedom from torture and slavery.
(a) 10 (b)20 (c)30 (d)40
(iv) The prohibition of slavery is a .................... right.
(a) civil and political (b) economic
(c) social (d) cultural
(v) Right to pace is the main .......................... right.
(a) civil (b) social (c) solidarity (d) educational
(vi) Civil and political rights are sometimes called ................ human rights.
(a) first generation (b) second generation
(c) third generation (d) fourth generation
(vii) The National Council for teacher educations has introduced a self learning module on
"Human Rights" and national values on 11 March .......................... to train the teachers on
human rights.
(a) 1990 (b) 1993 (c) 1996 (d) 1997

30.2 International Human Rights Instruments and their Application
in India

The Chart of Ratification of International Instruments, provided by the United Nations, should
ideally form the corpus of international customary law, applicable in all democratic countries.
Once an instrument is ratified a signatory is bound to bring in laws that conform to United
Nations standards. Even if these instruments are not legally binding, they are morally
compelling.

India has yet to ratify a host of international instruments.
Its adherence to them is, at best, ambiguous. The mandate of the National Human Rights
Commission (NHRC), established under the Human Rights Protection Act of 1993, provides a
lens through which the situation can be better understood.
According to the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Human Rights Protection Bill, the
NHRC would review the existing laws, procedures, and the system of administration, and
emphasize that India is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR) as well as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
However, India is not a signatory to many other international conventions or mechanisms like
the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, the Convention on the Status of Refugees, Optional Protocols to the ICCPR and
the Protocol relating to the status of refugees. The UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement
Officials, the UN Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of
Detention or Imprisonment, and the UN Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation
of Extra-Legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions also form the basic tenets of customary
international law.
On 18 January 1994, South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC) wrote to the
National Human Rights Commission to reiterate SAHRDC's desire to seek clarification on
Clause 1, Sub Clause (d), of the Human Rights Protection Act which states "human rights means

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