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Unit 10: Implementing and Decision Making: Process and Means

is placed on expert judgement, special studies, committees and discussions rather than on Notes
routinely collected information, (d) neomobilistic decision settings, i.e.. the situations in which
new solutions are needed for solving significant problems and when considerable change is
expected after implementing the decision. But, this is a situation in which little information is
available as opposed to understanding of all relevant information in case of metamorphic setting.
(4) Decision Models : Excluding metamorphic decisions settings, a decision model has been
identified that corresponds to each of the settings. These are : (a) Synoptic model, appropriate
for homeostatic settings in which collection and analysis of all informations are needed. It does
not deal with value conflicts. (ii) The disjointed model is suitable for incermental settings. The
focus in this is present time needs ; and a problem-solving approach is used in this case.
Improving what actually exists is a major criterion for considering alternatives (c) the planned
change model is appropriate for nemobilistic decision settings. This is complex and time-
consuming. It involves steps like research, development, diffusion and adoption.

10.6 Elements of Decision-making Process

The process of decision-making involves several elements. The most important of these are sense of
purpose, need of decision, reviewing alternatives selecting a course of action. This also includes
sense of priority, sense of time, sense of cost and understanding of alternatives. Griffiths has described
six steps or elements in the process of decision-making. These are (1) recognizing, defining and
limiting the problem, analysing and evaluating the problem, (3) establishing criteria of judgement
so that the decision can be evaluated in terms of its success, (4) collecting relevant data, (5) selecting
a solution (6) putting the solution into effect.

10.7 Steps of Decision-making

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These 7 steps in decision making will give you the essential elements of a structured process model.
From issue identification to action, evaluation and learning. Improve your decision making ... in
just a minute!
This is one of our Manage in a Minute pages. These contain practical tips on essential management
topics. No fuss or side-tracks, they get straight to the point. Here, in a series of bullet points which
can be read in a minute (ish!), are some essential tips on decision making.

10.8 Problems in Decision-making

There are several factors that complicate the process of decision-making. These may be considered
as problems that the decision-makers sometimes face and find it difficult to take a relevant decision.
These are :
(1) Conflicts and Stress : The foregoing discussion on decision making is relevant in a situation
where there is agreement on both means and ends. There may be a situation, on the other hand,
where some people agree to a decision but others do not. This is situation of conflict in which
there are disagreements about ends, means or both. Decision-making in this situation is difficult
and stressful. It is a problematic situation for decision-maker.
(2) Ensuring Participation : This is another problem that an administrator faces while taking a
decision. How to ensure effective participation of those who are to be involved in the process
of resolution of conflict. If others know that they are being involved for window dressing
purposes only, they will not feel involvement and the purpose will be defeated. Many people
may feel that their involvement is not useful. Various decisions require various kinds of
participation. This also complicates the process of decision making.

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