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Unit 10: Implementing and Decision Making: Process and Means

• Creating strategy-encouraging policies. Notes
• Employing best policies and programs for constant improvement.
• Linking reward structure to accomplishment of results.
• Making use of strategic leadership.
• Decision-making is a process of selection from a set of alternative courses of action, which is
thought to fulfill the objectives of the decision problem more satisfactorily than others. It is a
course of action, which is consciously chosen for achieving a desired result. A decision is a
process that takes place prior to the actual performance of a course of action that has been
chosen. The essential elements in a decision making process include the following :
(i) The decision maker,
(ii) The decision problem,
(iii) The environment in which the decision is to be made,
(iv) The objectives of the decision maker,
(v) The alternative courses of action,
(vi) The outcomes expected from various alternatives, and
(vii) The final choice of the alternative.
• Depending upon the focus or concern of the decision they have been classified as (a) institutional
decisions, (b) strategy decisions, (c) administrators’ behaviour decisions.
(i) Institutional Decisions : These are mostly decisions related to scheduling or policy-making
concerning programmes and activities and curricula.
(ii) Strategy-Decisions : Once an institutional decision has been take, it remains to see how it
should be implemented.
(iii) Administrators’ Behaviours Decisions : No administrator can be have in a random manner.
His own behaviour is important in all situations.
• Status Quo Decisions : These emerge when the administrator decides in a situation not to
change the existing situation, not to do anything or not to disturb the existing status of a
phenomenon.
• Deferred Decision : this is the decision which means no to decide it at this time.
• New Course Decisions : This is a decision which implies starting in a wholly new direction, not
just modifying the existing situation.
• Response Decisions : These mean decisions implying actual responses to the situation.
• Characteristics of Decision Making Process
• Decision making process has the following important characteristics :
(i) Cyclical Nature.
(ii) Decision making is a four stage process,
(iii) Decision making has four Different Settings, and
(iv) Decision Models.
• Cyclical Nature : Decisions breed decisions. No decision is such as it settles the issue for ever.
• Decision Making is a four Stage Process : These four stage are : (a) becoming aware of the need
for a decision, (b) designing the situation, (c) Selecting an alternative, (d) taking-action or
implementing the decision.
• Decision Making has four Different Settings : The setting refers to the total set of environmental
conditions influencing analysis and choice. Depending upon the degree of change resulting
form a choice and the amount of information grasp the exists to support the change there are
four important decision settings. These are (a) metamorphic decision setting, when the situation,
is such that a complete change through the decision is needed, (b) haemostatic setting is one
that involved a low degree of change and high degree of information grasp.

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