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Educational Management

Notes different theories of learning and, therefore, in the technology of education. Third, there is the vast
field of human knowledge and achievement from which we choose different subject-matters, learning
materials, activities and experiences for the benefit of the young. Fourth, the available resources for
education are of a wide variety and differ not only from place to place, or school to school, but also
in the same school from time to time. Fifth, various aims and objectives of education claim our
attention. These, too, vary from one locality and community to another. Sixth, there is rapid
development of educational theory as a consequence of continuous technological, economic and
social changes going on around us. As a result, educational practices also change rapidly and there
is an ever increasing expansion of the demands of educational service.

19.1 Need for Planning the Supervisory Programme

The following points clarify the need for planning in supervision:
1. Planning ensures close study of needs and resources : Planning the supervisory programme
necessitates careful and close examination by the workers of the pupil’s needs, interests and
purposes, the availability of materials and resources, and the demands of society. In other
words, planning ensures a realistic appraisal of the whole teaching-learning situation.
2. Planning stimulates Professional effort : The educational workers should have a clear idea of
the aims and objectives of education they are striving to achieve. They have to design appropriate
activities and experiences, analyse and systematise them so that when undertaken they run
smoothly in the desired direction. Planning ensures that the workers make this effort. “There
are many advantages inherent in the fostering of professional growth...The good modern
supervisor recognizes these advantages and does everything possible to participate in planning
opportunities for and with staff members...”
3. Planning clarifies the what and why of the educative process : All educational activities and
experiences, the subject-matter and tcchonology, etc., should be purposeful. Through planning
the workers come to understand both the nature and the purpose of the required educational
effort. It helps to secure the cooperation of the workers and the coordination of their efforts.
4. Planning gives security and confidence to the workers : Planning lays down a clear-cut and
definite course of action. Armed with the knowledge of what and why of the educative process
the workers come to possess self-confidence. They know they are proceeding in the right direction
and so feel secure, inspired and enthused.
5. Planning provides the criteria for evaluation : The workers want to know whether the outcomes
of their activities are of the desired and expected standard. For this, they have to evaluate quite
frequently the results of their efforts. This reveals shortfalls and helps undertaking remedial
measures. Evaluation needs definite and precise criteria against which judgment is to be made.
Planning helps in setting up valid criteria for objective and reliable appraisal of the worker’s
abilities and the outcomes of their activities.

19.2 Objectives of Planning the Supervisory Programme

The purpose of supervision is to improve instruction. The supervisory programme has to meet four
points. These are : “(1) helping teachers with their individual problems, (2) coordinating the total
instructional program, (3) providing for the continuous in service development of teachers and
staff, and (4) providing proper and adequate instructional materials.” There are two approaches to
planning the supervisory programme, (1) long-range, and (2) short-term. The long-range or broad
planning refers to the wholesale improvement of the work of many teachers by developing
instructional materials and teaching guides, etc., through committee work. The short-term or
concentrated planning is concerned with individual teachers and helping them to solve their particular
problems. Both these approaches are essential and should proceed side by side. They supplement

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