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Educational Management

Notes of the general public.” There should now be made a move to combine both school and community
services into one department which may be named the department of youth welfare. An
appropriate organization, both structure and process, is needed for the purpose.
3. Organization is needed to integrate the academic activities of the school : Supervision is
mainly concerned with instruction in academic subjects. With the growing complexity of life
more and more subjects are being added to school studies. Lest instruction should remain
isolated it is necessary to integrate these in order to produce a better total effect. “The school
system involves the efforts of many professional as well as non-professional personnel, teachers,
supervisors, administrators, whose specialised abilities must be meshed in the working
agreements that make all expended energy and talent serve the purpose of the educational
enterprise.” A large number of persons is, therefore, needed to participate in supervision. There
is need for supervisors, assistant supervisors, principals and heads of departments in large
secondary schools for supervisory duties. They should also be supplemented by doctors,
psychologists, counsellors and research workers, etc.
4. Organization is needed to realise the goals of the supervision and education : A systematic
organization is indispensable for the forward flow of efforts of the educational workers. Without
a proper and strong organisation no activity can possibly run smoothly and successfully. The
chief purpose for establishing an organizational pattern is to clarify functions and relationships
between various person, involved in the organization’s operation.” The purpose of administration
is to provide instruction and that of supervision is to improve it. The aims of education can be
realised only when the workers know what others are doing and when they pool together their
talents and efforts.

19.7 Types of Organization
Broadly speaking, there are two types of organizations autocratic or authoritarian and democratic.
Both these have their characteristic features, merits and demerits.
1. Autocratic or Authoritarian Organization is of the traditional type. The authority is centralised
in the key person or head, who has been legally appointed to look after the organization. He is
responsible to run the institution, and the policies and techniques of the school programme
including instruction are directed by him. Sometimes, in big schools the authority and power
may be delegated to junior officers who are directly responsible to the head. There is quick
communication between the central authority and individual workers so that they can be easily
contacted and ordered to carry out definite directions. There is an hierarchy of positions defined
by seniority, generally determined by the sweet will of the administrator and not by superiority
of knowledge, skill or capacity. All suggestions and prescriptions of duties and activities come
from one person and may be passed down the line ; and performance is checked in the same
manner upward. Staff officers are also appointed in big establishments. They are subject
specialists and instructional consultants, but they have no executive powers.
Generally, the central authority is concentrated in the principal or departmental heads in big
schools. They visit individual teachers’ classes, meet them individually to solve their problems.
Students are also assisted individually. The experts exercise indirect influence and leadership.
They prescribe the courses of study provide instructional material or guides. They also lay
down standards and train the workers whenever necessary. The authoritarian leader remains
in the focus of the group’s attention. He emphasises their obedience. He maintains “segregation
within the group and must see that intragroup communication is kept to minimum except in so
far as it is through him and focussed upon himself he renders himself the key to all group
action and eventually becomes indispensable.”
These characteristics of the autocratic organization reveal its many weaknesses or demerits. In
such an organization conflict, friction and antagonism soon develop. There is repression of

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