Page 282 - DEDU503_EDUCATIONAL_MANAGEMENT_ENGLISH

Educational Management

Notes (3) Summer Institutes
The pattern of summer institutes, generally follow that of content courses but the purpose need
not be mainly to upgrade the teachers in their fields of specialisation. Summer Institutes can be
on one specific topic or area, covering invariable all aspects of teaching learning process, such
as content, methodology, educational technology, and evaluation including practical aspects of
laboratory work, field trips and experimentation. Summer Institutes sponsored by the University
Grants Commission for three or four weeks are the most popular programmes at the collegiate
level as these institutions receive financial support from the U.G.C. and strict adherence to
certain academic and administrative procedures are to be followed. College teachers greatly
benefit from these institutes. There are other agencies such as ICSSR, ICMR, etc. that also provide
financial assistance to conduct summer institutes.
(4) Short Term Courses
Some of the short-term courses could be for orientation purposes or upgrading of subject
knowledge or improving pedagogical skills. The duration is invariably for three to five days.
(5) Conference Technique
In the area of higher teaching-learning, the conference is one of the most important technique.
It is used to create higher learning situations by using appropriate instructional technique. The
higher cognitive and affective objectives of education are achieved by employing the conference
technique.
During 1920 the technique was encouraged and it was used to discuss the major problems of
social sciences, behavioural sciences, and anthropology.
The conferences were organized during 1930 to discuss the problems of interdisciplinary nature.
An interdisciplinary approach of research was introduced as the result of these conferences.
During 1940, the conferences were organized to discuss the contemporary problems in the
different areas. The new direction was given for research activities as the result of this technique.
The new concepts were evaluated and determine their utility in our situation. During 1950,
subjects conference were encouraged.
The conference technique has acquired important place in different areas to discuss and solve
the problems : Social, Political, Health, Religious education.
It is becoming increasingly true as conference and workshop tend to involve ever wider cross-
section of educators. These new kind of technique provide rich experiences upon which to
build this type of programme and techniques.

The conference technique is a meeting of large or small group of people. The
participants make up a close-knit group which considers certain problems in normal
and serious fashion. A conference of Non-Align Moment (NAM) was organized in
1983 to consider the measures of International Peace. The specific problems of
International Peace was discussed by representative of hundred countries of NAM.

(6) Seminar Technique
Teaching is continum from conditioning to indoctrination. It is organized from memory level to
reflective level. Our teaching is confined upto memory level even at college and university
level. At the most teaching can be organized at but understanding level, instructional situations
should be organized in such way so that teaching may be done at reflective level. Higher
objectives of cognitive and reflective domains are achieved by creating such conditions of
learning. As the development of higher cognitive and affective abilities is essential at the higher

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