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Educational Measurement and Evaluation

Notes 10.6.4 Horst’s Formula
Supposing the students’ responses in a multiple choice item has been noted down as below :
Item Analysis :

(a) Determining the number of actual items 12
(b) Excluding weak and ambiguous items 8
(c) Ensuring that selected items represent the entire test 20
(d) All of the above 10
Here, the alternative (c) is the greatest obstacle because it has attracted most of the students. This
is stronger than even alternative (d). So, Horst has determined some basic assumptions for his
formula S = D , which are as follows :
p
(a) All obstacles do not attract all students equally, though there is an arrangement in their
attraction.
(b) Here importance is given to the most potent obstacle, which is very important from the
viewpoint of multiple choice items.
(c) The most potent obstacle should not be more attractive than the right alternative. If it is so,
then another obstacle should replace it.
In the above formula, placing values in the formula :
S = R – D
p
= 10 – 20
= – 10
Where, S = The number of students knowing the right response in fact.
R = The number of students giving right response to the item.
D = The most potent obstacle.
p
The negative (minus) mark indicates that nobody known the right alternative. Therefore,
the alternatives should be reformed, which can be as follows :
Self Assessment
1. Multiple Choice Questions :
Choose the correct option :
(i) According to _____ “The procedure used to judge the quality of an item is called item
analysis.
(a) Lamarck (b) Freeman (iii) Guilford (iv) Ryen
(ii) If a test is survey type, then questions with difficulty index between ______ and with
discrimination index .3 or more are considered suitable.

(a) 40–80, .5 (b) 30–80, .2 (c) 20–80, .3 (d) 10–80, .1
⎛ W ⎞ 1
(iii) The P = ⎜ C ⎝ R − K1 N formula is known as ________.
⎟
− ⎠
(a) Kelly’s formula (b) Guilford’s formula
(c) Chi-square formula (d) Host’s formula

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