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Educational Measurement and Evaluation

Notes that the student reconstruct a sense of identity in order to find her or his place in this newly
expanded world. In addition, authentic engagement with education demands that students push
themselves to their very limits—a humbling enterprise requiring great personal strength. The
only way that teachers can reasonably ask this of students is if the class can become a highly
respectful and supportive environment: a context of mutual trust and commitment. Challenges
and criticism offered in a context of trust can be perceived and accepted as exciting calls to
growth. When students trust their teachers and their environment, they can open themselves to
the (often difficult) personal transformation that authentic education inspires.
If, on the other hand, students feel that they cannot trust their teachers or their environment, they
become guarded and try to play it safe. Their reaction to challenges or criticism becomes defensive.
If they feel themselves to be in a hostile context, a context of distrust demanding that they prove
their worthiness at every turn, then defensively protecting their ego becomes an important
survival strategy. The fear-based learning that happens in a context of distrust may look effective
at first, because fear evokes keen attentiveness, but such learning remains at the surface until the
pressure is off, at which point much of what was learned promptly dissipates. The legacy of
learning by fear is that many such students get better at manipulating the systems they become
cynical about, and become better at appearing the ways others want them to appear. Such learning,
however, does not help students to develop their subtle perceptual powers, or their depth of
vision; it is not built upon respect, and it does not strengthen their character or expand their
compassion.
Because so much outside of the classroom hinges on students’ grades, traditional grading imposes
an outermost context of distrust framing everything that then happens within the classroom.
Even when individual teachers attempt to create a trusting and supportive environment for the
students within the classroom, the knowledge that grades will be recorded on students’ permanent,
quasi-public transcripts at the end of the semester permeates students’ consciousness at nearly
every moment. Despite the teacher’s good intentions, the grade in this class may have important
ramifications in several different aspects of the student’s life. Therefore, students feel embedded
in a context of distrust, where their ability to maintain good relations with their parents, stay in
school, keep their scholarships.

Task What is G.P.A ? Explain.

Self Assessment
2. Multiple Choice Questions :
Choose the correct option :
(i) _________ is based on predetermined standard.
(a) Absolute grading (b) Relative grading
(c) Direct grading (d) Alternative grading
(ii) _________ type of grading is called grading on the curve, which refers to normal distribution
curve.
(a) Direct grading (b) Indirect grading
(c) Relative grading (d) Absolute grading
(iii) _________ is dichotomous two point scale, which is with reference to development of
competency or non-acquisition of Competency.

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