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fJekJh^21L ;?w?;No gqDkbh pBkw ;kbkBk gqDkbh
fJekJh^21L ;?w?;No gqDkbh pBkw ;kbkBk gqDkbh
fJekJh^21L ;?w?;No gqDkbh pBkw ;kbkBk gqDkbh
fJekJh^21L ;?w?;No gqDkbh pBkw ;kbkBk gqDkbh
fJekJh^21L ;?w?;No gqDkbh pBkw ;kbkBk gqDkbh
(ii) fJ; gqDkbh dk d{ik r[D fJj j? fe rowhnK dhnK S[~NhnK ft~u th gVkJh j[zdh j?. fijV/ È؇
ftfdnkoEh fgSb/ ;/w?;No ft~u fe;/ ftP/ ft~u c/b j'J/ jB, UBK dh gVkJh ubdh ofjzdh j?.
• ;?w?;No gqDkbh dhnK nkgDhnK ;hwktK ns/ ntr[D jBL
(i) ;?w?;No gqDkbh e/tb T[Zu ft~fdnk d/ y/so ft~u gq:'r ehsh ik ;edh j? fi~E/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh
;zfynk ;hfws j[zdh j?. fJ; gqDkbh Bz{ gqkoEfwe ns/ ;?ezvoh ;so s/ gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.
(ii) jo ;?w?;No bJh gkmeqw fBoXkfos eoBk ns/ jo ;?w?;No d/ nzs ft~u gqhfynk dk nk:'iB eoBk
fJ~e w[Pfeb gq;skt j?.
• ;kbkBk ns/ ;?w?;No gqDkbh ft~u s[bBk j[zdh jh ofjzdh j?. d'tK gqDkbhnK d/ nkgD/ nkgD/ r[D ns/
ntr[D jB. ;kbkBk gqDkbh gkozgfoe gqDkbh j?. fJ; ft~u fJ~e' tko ft~u nfXe gkmeqw Pkfwb ehsk
iKdk j? ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj ;G ;kb d/ nzs s~e :kd o~yD bJh wip{o ehsk iKdk j?. eJh tko
fJ~e' jh g/go ft~u d' iK nfXe ftP/ th Pkfwb eo bJ/ iKd/ jB. BjhA sK eJh tko, e[M ftP/ ykoi eo
fd~s/ iKd/ jB ns/ gkmeqw x~N eo fd~sk iKdk j?. feUAfe ;kb d/ nzs ft~u e/tb ;kotifBe gqhfynktK
nk:'fis j[zdhnK jB, ftPtftfdnkb/ e'b gqPB^g~so fsnko eoD bJh ns/ T[Zso g[;seK dh iKu bJh
pj[s ;wK j[zdk j?. gqhfyneK ns/ gqhfynkoEhnK dh ;zfynk th xNkJh ik ;edh j?.
• ;?w?;No gqDkbh ft~u, ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nfXe ckfJdk j[zdk j?l feUAfe gqhfynktK wjhfBnK ft~u jh j[zdhnK
jB. i' th :kd ehsk j[zdk j?, fdwkr ft~u skIk j[zdk j?. gkmeqw dk Gko th x~N j[zdk j?. fJ~e' jh g/go ft~u
fGzB ftfPnK Bz{ Pkfwb eoD dh Io{os BjhA g?Adh. ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;[Xko d/ nfXe w"e/ fwbd/ jB.
• ;Bkse ekbiK d[nkok ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;?w?;No gqDkbh bJh fsnko eoD bJh p[j[s w[PfebK dk ;kjwDk
eoBk fgnk. ;?w?;No gqDkbh pj[s ;feqn gqDkbh j? feUAfe fJj ftfdnkoEhnK ns/ nfXnkgeK Bz{ g{o/
;kb ft~fdne rshftXh ft~u brk e/ o~ydh j?.
21H10 Ppde'P
21H10 Ppde'P
21H10 Ppde'P
21H10 Ppde'P (Keywords)
21H10 Ppde'P
;kbkBk L jo ;kb ft~u fJ~e tko j'D tkbk .
;?w?;No L d' ft~u'A fJ~e ntXh fiBK ft~u ;e{b iK ekbi dk ;so tzfvnk j[zdk j?.
;ss L e[M ;wK ubdk ofjD tkbk.
21H11 nfGnk; gqPB
21H11 nfGnk; gqPB
21H11 nfGnk; gqPB
21H11 nfGnk; gqPB
21H11 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)
1. gqhfynk dhnK ;kbkBk ns/ ;?w?;No gqDkbh dh ftnkfynk eo''.
2. gqhfynk dh ;kbkBk ns/ ;?w?;No gqDkbh ft~u eh nzso j?<
3. ;?w?;No gqDkbh d/ r[DK ns/ ntr[DK pko/ d~;'.
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)
1. (i) ;bkBk (ii) gkmeqw (iii) ;?w?;No (iv) brksko (v) ;zuko
21H12 ;zdoG g[;seK
21H12 ;zdoG g[;seK
21H12 ;zdoG g[;seK
21H12 ;zdoG g[;seK
21H12 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)
p[e; 1H ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL i/H ;to{g okDh, fv;etoh gpfbfPzr jkT{;.
2H nfXnkgB ft~u wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL B'owB n?vtov rq'Bbzv w?efwbB.
3H nfXnkgB ft~u wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL okpoN n?b fbB, fgno;B n?i{e/PB fJzvhnk.
4H w[~bKeD dk gq'rokw ns/ gqdoPB wkgL i/w; ;h w/ v/ftv, b"ok nko n?b jkE"oB, ;/i
gpbhe/PB.
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