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fJekJh^32L wB'ftq~sh, ywsk, ftnefs~st ns/ p[~Xh dk wkg
fJekJh^32L wB'ftq~sh, ywsk, ftnefs~st ns/ p[~Xh dk wkg
fJekJh^32L wB'ftq~sh, ywsk, ftnefs~st ns/ p[~Xh dk wkg
fJekJh^32L wB'ftq~sh, ywsk, ftnefs~st ns/ p[~Xh dk wkg
fJekJh^32L wB'ftq~sh, ywsk, ftnefs~st ns/ p[~Xh dk wkg
gqshe{b wB'ftq~sh--- T[dk;hB wB'ftq~sh--- nB[e{b wB'ftq~sh--- È؇
A B C D E F G H I J K
;G s'A gqshe{b fpnkB A j/mK o~y/ iKd/ jB id'A fe ;G s'A nB[e{b fpnkB K j/mK o~y/ iKd/
jB. ;G fpnkBK Bz{ wB'ftq~sh d/ fBowkD bJh ftP/P~rK dh ;bkj d/ nkXko s/ 11 torK ft~u
tzfvnk iKdk j?.
;~w/fNv o/fNzr dh ftXhL
;~w/fNv o/fNzr dh ftXhL
;~w/fNv o/fNzr dh ftXhL Eo;NB dnkok gq:'r ehshnK d'jK ftXhnK ft~u fpnkBK Bz{ ftP/P~rK dh
(iii) ;~w/fNv o/fNzr dh ftXhL;~w/fNv o/fNzr dh ftXhL
;bkj d/ nB[;ko eqw ft~u o~fynk iKdk j?. fco fJ~e bzph gqfeqnk s'A pknd wB'ftq~sh g?wkBk pDkfJnk
fbeoN B/ wB'ftq~sh d/ wkg bJh wB'ftq~sh
fbeoN
iKdk j? ns/ fco fe;/ ftnesh dh wB'ftq~sh wkgh iKdh j?. fbeoNfbeoN
fbeoN
g?wkBk pDkUD dh fJ~e BthA ftXh ftef;s ehsh. fJj ftXh fJ~e ;ob ns/ ;gPN gqfeqnk T[Zs/
nkXkfos j?. fJ; ftXh iK seBhe dk BK j?^;~w/fNv o/fNzr dh ftXh. fJ; ftXh ft~u, wB'ftq~sh dk
g?wkBk pDkUD bJh fpnkBK dk u[Bkt wd ftPb/PD d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?.
(1) ;G s'A gfjbK, fi; t;s{, ftnesh, rshftXh iK ;'u pko/ wB'ftq~sh dk wkg eoBk j't/, T[; pko/
nB[e{b iK gqshe{b fpnkB pDkJ/ iKd/ jB.
(2) jo fpnkB bJh gzi gqshfeqnktK jo nB[e{b iK gqshe{b fpnkB Bz{ nze d/D bJh fsnko ehshnK
iKdhnK jB^fdqVsk Bkb ;fjwsh, ;fjwsh, e'Jh fBPuk BjhA, n;fjws ns/ fdqVsk Bkb n;jfws.
id'A fJ~e ftnesh fJBK ft~u'A fe;/ Bz{ th u[Ddk j?, sK T[; d/ nB[;ko T[go'es fd~s/ nB[;ko nB[e{b
fpnkB bJh nze (4, 3, 2, 1 ns/ 0 ft~u'A) fd~sk iKdk j?. j[D gqshe{b fpnkB bJh nze Gko pdb
fd~sk iKdk j?, noEks fe;/ gqshe{b fpnkB bJh pj[s nB[e{b gqshfeqnk bJh ;fjwsh gqfeqnk bJh 0,
1 nze ns/ 2, 3 ns/ 4, nfBPfus, n;fjws ns/ fdqVsk Bkb n;fjws BjhA eqwtko fd~s/ iKd/ jB.
(3) g?wkBk UBK ftneshnK fiBK bJh wB'ftq~sh g?wkBk pDkfJnk ik fojk j?, d/ t~v/ Bw{B/ T[Zs/
gqPkf;s ehsk iKdk j?. UBK ft~u'A jo fJ~e Bz{ jo fpnkB bJh fe;/ fJ~e gqshfenk bJh nkgDh
;fjwsh d/D bJh fejk iKdk j?.
(4) b'eK dhnK gqshfeqnktK Bz{ ;ekokswe fpnkBK bJh 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ns/ Bekokswe fpnkBK bJh
4, 3, 2, 1, 0 nze d/D bJh fejk iKdk j?. ns/ gqkgs ;e'o dk e[b :'r (wB'ftq~sh ;e'o) gsk
ehsk iKdk j?.
(5) gqshfeqnk g~soK Bz{ xNd/ eqw ft~u ftt;fEs ehsk iKdk j? ns/ T[Zu ns/ fBwB d/ 27# d/ nzdo
tkfbnK Bz{ u[fDnk iKdk j?.
(6) wd ftPb/PD gqfeqnk dh wdd Bkb T[Zu ns/ fBwB ;w{jK dhnK G/dGkt skesK ftueko nzso d/
nkXko s/ t dk w[~b gsk ehsk iKdk j?. gqkgs ;e'oK d/ w~XwkB ns/ wkDe ftubDK dh wdd Bkb t
dk w[~b gsk ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; dk ckow{bk fJj j?L
M H – M L
t =
2
σ H + σ L 2
n H n L
fi~E/, M & jo fpnkB bJh gqkgs ;e'oK bJh T[Zu ;w{j dk w~XwkB
H
M & jo fpnkB bJh gqkgs ;e'oK bJh fBwB ;w{j dk w~XwkB
L
σ & jo fpnkB bJh T[Zu ;w{j dk wkDe ftubD
H
σ & jo fpnkB bJh fBwB ;w{j dk wkDe ftubD
L
n & T[Zu ;w{j ft~u b'eK dh ;zfynk
H
n & fBwB ;w{j ft~u b'eK dh ;zfynk
L
n & jo ;w{j ft~u b'eK dh ;zfynk
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