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Special Education

Notes (ii) ............................ of backward children were poorly nourished.
(a) 20% (b) 10% (c) 30% (d) 40%
(iii) ............................ is not the cause of backwardness in class.
(a) Horror of teacher (b) Lack of personnel guidance programmes
(c) Harsh treatment of teachers (d) water supply.
(iv) A checklist containing ................... behaviour symptoms arranged under five problem patterns.
(a) 69 (b) 60 (c) 60 (d) 55
(v) .......................... is the significant factor for delinquency.
(a) Mental factor (b) Secondary factor
(c) Primary factor (d) Psycho-analysis
(vi) Which of the following is not a psychological factors.
(a) Intellectual seakness (b) Emotional stability
(c) Personality trait (d) Constitution defects

23.8 Summary

• Backwardness may be identified by employing formal and informal methods. The observation
technique is most commonly used by teachers and parents or guides, counsellors and researcher.
The following are the four methods which are used for this purpose.
• 1. Observation method, 2. Mental Tests, 3. Achievement test and 4. Personality, adjustment
inventory and Case study.
• It is both formal and informal method of identifying backward children. Teachers and parents
use this method.
• There may be other causes of backwardness, it depends on the individual conditions of living.
• Physical cause: Physical defect may be also equally important in contributing towards
backwardness. Schonell how found about 75% backwardness is due to the various types of
physical diseases and defects e.g., defective eyesight, hard of hearing, speech defects chronic
diseases (like typhoid, toncild, cough trouble, stomach trouble) poor nourishment and physical
deformities.
• (1) The backward children learn at a slower rate and they face difficulty in retaining what they
have learned. (2) The backward children prefer concrete learning to abstract learning, (3) Transfer
of learning becomes impossible for backward children. (4) They lack judgement and common
sense and they are highly destructible. (5) They gain from direct teaching and do not acquire
skills incidentally and (6) A slow learning is an underachiever and has a very short span of
attention.
• Medical examinations should be arranged periodically to find out the physical status of the
children. If the child suffers from some disease, the remedies should be applied for that and the
education should also be arranged accordingly.
• The special class of backward children should be arranged in the school to remove their
difficulties. Teacher should have special qualification and training of teaching. He should
understand their needs and problems.
• The delinquent children are identified by observing their behaviours in society and school,
situation.
• Delinquency behaviour is a part of a dynamic process and it can be understood only in relation
to the sequence of experience of which it is a part.
• Delinquency is a acquired behaviour of a child which is not in accordance with social standard
and norms.

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