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Unit 23: Word -Formation: Process and Rules

‘loc’ as a morpheme, but there is no independent use of ‘loc’, it must be a realisation of a Notes
bound morpheme. Thus a complex word can be a combination of two or ore bound
morphemes.

23.4 Key-Words

2. The Tense Rule : This rule refers to the change in the form of verb depending upon the
reference of time in the sentence, i.e. past and present. Verbs do not
undergo any changes in future tense. Thus we have only two bound
morphemes for this – PRESENT and PAST.
3. The Aspect Rule : This rule refers to the continues and perfect form of tense.

23.5 Review Questions
1. What is the basis for the classification of morphemes into (a) Free and Bound, and (b)
Grammatical and Lexical?
2. Discuss the process of word formation.
Answers: Self–Assessment
1. (i) tributaries : tribute + ary (deriv.) (tribute + ary) + s (Infl.)
(ii) unclassified : class (i) + fy (Deriv.) (un + (Class (i) + fy) + ed (Infl.)
(iii) beginnings : begin + ing (Deriv.) (Begin + ing) + s (Infl.)
(iv) friendlier : friend + ly (Deriv.) (friend + ly) + er (Infl.)
(v) writer’s : write + er (Deriv.) (writer + er) + ’s (Infl.)

23.6 Further Readings

1. Verma, S.K., V.N. Krishnaswamy. Modern Linguistics: An Introduction.
2. An Introduction to Linguistics, John Lyon.
3. Peter Roach: English phonetics and phonology. Cambridge University Press.
4. Encyclopedia of Linguistic Science Edited By V. Prakasam, Allied Pub.,
New Delhi.

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