Page 318 - DENG504_LINGUISTICS

Linguistics

Notes 3. Noun-adjective Suffixes: These suffixes when added to stem create words, which can be used
as both noun and adjectives. Examples are -ese, -ian, -ist, etc.
4. Verb Suffixes: These suffixes produce verbs when added to stem. Some common examples are
-fy, -ize, -en, etc.
5. Adverb Suffixes: These suffixes when added to stem create adjectives. For example, -ward,
-wise, -ly, etc.
Let us again classify each of these categories into various sub-categories based on the grammatical
orientation of stem.
1. Noun suffixes can be classified into three sub-categories:
(i) Denominal Noun Suffixes: These suffixes when added to noun stem produce noun.
Examples are- age, -dom, -eer -er, -ery, -hood, etc.
(ii) Deadjectival Noun Suffixes: These suffixes when combined with adjective stem produce
nouns. Examples are -dom, -er, -hood, -nees, etc.
(iii) Deverbal Noun Suffixes: These suffixes when added to verb stem produce nouns. Examples
are -age, ant, -action, -ee, -er, ment, etc.
2. Adjective suffixes can also be further classified into three categories:
(i) Denominal Adjective Suffixes: These suffixes produce adjectives when added to noun
stem. Examples are -al, -ful, -ial, -ical, -less, -ly, etc.
(ii) Deadjectival Adjective Suffixes: These suffixes create adjectives when combined with
adjective stem. For example, -ish.
(iii) Deverbal Adjective Suffixes: These suffixes when attached with verbs create adjectives.
Examples are -ale, -ant, -ent, -ful, -ive, etc.
3. Noun-adjective suffixes can have two forms:
(i) Denominal Noun-adjective Suffixes: These suffixes when added to noun stem produce
words which can be used both as noun and adjectives. Examples are -ese, -an, -ist, etc.
(ii) Deadjectival Noun-adjective Suffixes: When added to adjectives these suffixes can produce
words which can be used as both adjectives and nouns. For example, -ist.
(iii) Deadjectival Noun-adjective Suffixes: When added to adjectives these suffixes can produce
words which can be used as both adjectives and nouns. For examples, -ist.
4. Verb suffixes also have two forms:
(i) Denominal Verb Suffixes: These suffixes produce verbs when combined with noun stem.
Examples are -fy. ize, etc.
(ii) Deadjectival Verb Suffixes: When added to adjective stem, these suffixes create verbs.
Example of such suffixes are -en, -ify, -ize, etc.
5. Adverb suffixes can be categorised into three forms:
(i) Denominal Adverb suffixes: When added to noun stems these suffixes are capable of
producing adverbs. Examples are -ward, -wise, etc.
(ii) Deadjectival Adverb Suffixes: These suffixes produce adverbs when added to adjective
stem. For example, -ly.
(iii) Deadverbial Adverb Suffixes are c apable of producing adverbs. For example, -ward.
24.3 Conversion (or Zero Derivation)

Conversion vs. Derivation: There are instances when a word changes its grammatical category
without any addition of affixes. Consider following sentences:
1. Did you hear the record?
2. I have recorded everything you said.

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