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izkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu dkO;
uksV Lo&ewY;kadu
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
Lo&ewY;kadu
Lo&ewY;kadu
Lo&ewY;kadu
cgqfodYih; iz'uµ
4- dkSu&lk tkuoj viuh dsapqy mrkjdj mldks fQj ugha ns[krk\
¼v½ liZ ¼c½ dsapqvk ¼l½ u ¼v½ vkSj u ¼c½¼n½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha
5- ^uSuk usdq u ekugha] fdrkS dgkSa leq>k;* iafDr;ka fdldh gSa\
¼v½ lwjnkl ¼c½ fcgkjh ¼l½ rqylh ¼n½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha
6- HkbZ lf[k ;s vaf[k;ka fcxjSyA
gfj'pUnz dqy dkfu NkafMdS] gfj dh HkbZ j[kSyAA
iafDr;ksa ds jpf;rk gSaµ
¼v½ HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz ¼c½ fcgkjh ¼l½ lwjnkl ¼n½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha
8-2 lkjka'klkjka'k (Summary)
8-2
8-2 lkjka'klkjka'k
8-2
8-2 lkjka'k
[katu i{kh ds tksM+s dh lerk djus okys mlds nksuksa papy us=k pkjksa vksj ns[krs jgrs gSa] ekuks dyg gks tkus ds
dkj.k mUgksaus 'kksj epk fn;k gks ysfdu rksrs ¼ukd½ us bldks cpk fn;kA
Ñ".k rks jk/kk ds ¼lkSUn;Z ds½ o'k esa bl izdkj gks x;s gSa tSls fd pkrd Lokfr u{k=k esa gqbZ o"kkZ ds] eNyh
ty ds rFkk ijNkbZ 'kjhj ds o'k esa jgrh gSA lp rks ;g gS fd Ñ".k dk :i f'kdkjh gS rks dqaMyksa dh dkfUr
vfXu dh Tokyk rFkk fdad.kh dh ?kaVk&?kks"k gS ftlls O;kdqy gksdj ;s us=k viyd n`f"V ls mlh ¼Ñ".k&lkSUn;Z½
dh vksj ns[krs jgrs gSaA ftl izdkj dksbZ pksj pksjh djuk ugha NksM+rk] mldks ¼vFkok og Lo;a½ ftl pht dks
euk djks] ogh djrk gS vkSj fQj Hkh tkdj ckjEoj gkfu mBkrk gS] pkgs ¼euk djrs le;½ dgrs&dgrs ej
gh tkvksA eqjyh ds lgt xku esa [kksbZ vkSj rYyhu cuh bu xksfi;ksa dks dHkh lq/k Fkh rks dHkh cslq/k ¼vFkok
fdlh dks viuh lqèk Fkh rks dksbZ ,dne cslq/k cu x;h Fkh½A mudks ?kj okfil tkus dh Hkh rfud Hkh lqfèk
ugha FkhA jk/kk vkSj Ñ".k esa ikjLifjd izhfr fujUrj c<+us yxh ftldk o.kZu ftàk ;k ok.kh ls Hkh ugha dgk
tk ldrkA Ñ".k us g¡lrs gq, jk/kk ls dgk fd ^ge&rqe esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gS] ¼nksuksa vfHkUu gS½A ;g dgdj
jk/kk dks czt okfil Hkst fn;kA lwj ds izHkq jk/kk vkSj ek/ko czt esa fuR; u;k fogkj djrs gSa ¼vFkkZr~
jkèkk&Ñ".k dh czt&fogkj&yhyk vfuR; gS½A
8-3 'kCndks'k'kCndks'k (Keywords)
8-3
8-3
8-3 'kCndks'k'kCndks'k
8-3 'kCndks'k
1- 1- 1- 1- 1- ijrhfr% fo'okl] ;dhu gksuk
ijrhfr%
ijrhfr%
ijrhfr%
ijrhfr%
vkSuh%
vkSuh%
vkSuh%
vkSuh%
2- 2- 2- 2- 2- vkSuh% vkxeu] fdlh dk vkuk
8-4 vH;kl&iz'uvH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)
8-4
8-4 vH;kl&iz'uvH;kl&iz'u
8-4
8-4 vH;kl&iz'u
1- 1- 1- 1- 1- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dh lizlax O;k[;k dhft,µ
jk/kk ek/ko HksaV HkbZA
jk/kk ek/ko ek/ko jk/kk dhV]
Hk`ax xfr àSA tq xbZAA
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