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Hardeep Kaur, Lovely Professional University                       bdkbZ 21% fganh dk ifjp; ,oa HkkSxksfyd foLrkj



                 bdkbZ 21% fganh dk ifjp; ,oa HkkSxksfyd foLrkj                                       uksV







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             mís';

             izLrkouk
             21-1 fganh Hkk"kkµ ifjp;
             21-2 [kM+h cksyh dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

             21-3 lkjka'k
             21-4 'kCndks'k
             21-5 vH;kl&iz'u

             21-6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ


            mís';
            fo|kFkhZ bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ l{ke gksaxsµ

            •    fganh osQ Lo:i ,oa mlosQ HkkSxksfyd foLrkj ls ifjfpr gksaxsA


            izLrkouk

            Hkkjro"kZ ds fla/q] fla/ vkSj fla/h ds gh nwljs :i fganw] fgan vkSj fganh ekus tk ldrs gSa] ij gekjh Hkk"kk esa vkt
            ;s fHkUu&fHkUu 'kCn ekus tkrs gSaA fla/q ,d unh dks] fla/ ,d izkar dks vkSj fla/h ml izkar ds fuoklh dks dgrs
            gSa] rFkk iQkjlh ls vk;s gq, fganq] fgan vkSj fganh loZFkk fHkUu vFkZ esa vkrs gSaA fganw ls ,d tkfr] ,d /eZ vFkok
            ml tkfr ;k /eZ ds ekuus okys O;fDr dk cks/ gksrk gSA fgan ls iwjs ns'k Hkkjro"kZ dk vFkZ fy;k tkrk gS vkSj
            fganh ,d Hkk"kk dk okpd gksrk gSA

            21-1 fganh Hkk"kkµ ifjp;

            iz;ksx rFkk :i dh n`f"V ls fganh 'kCn iQkjlh Hkk"kk dk gS vkSj bldk vFkZ ^fgan dk* gksrk gS] vr% ;g iQkjlh
            xzaFkksa esa fgan ns'k ds oklh vkSj fgan ns'k dh Hkk"kk nksuksa vFkks± esa vkrk Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh vk ldrk gSA iatkc dk
            jgus okyk nsgkrh vkt Hkh vius dks Hkkjroklh u dgdj fganh gh dgrk gS] ij gesa vkt fganh ds Hkk"kk&laca/
            h vFkZ ls gh fo'ks"k iz;kstu gSA 'kCnkFkZ dh n`f"V ls bl vFkZ esa Hkh fganh 'kCn dk iz;ksx fgan ;k Hkkjr esa cksyh tkus
            okyh fdlh vk;Z vFkok vuk;Z Hkk"kk ds fy, gks ldrk gS] fdarq O;ogkj esa fganh ml cM+s HkwfeHkkx dh Hkk"kk ekuh
            tkrh gS ftldh lhek if'pe esa tSlyesj] mÙkj if'pe esas vackyk] mÙkj esa f'keyk ls ysdj usiky ds iwohZ Nksj
            rd ds igkM+h izns'k] iwjc esa Hkkxyiqj] nf{k.k&iwjc esa jk;iqj rFkk nf{k.k&if'pe esa [kaMok rd igq¡prh gSA bl
            HkwfeHkkx ds fuokfl;ksa ds lkfgR;] i=k&if=kdk,¡] f'k{kk&nh{kk] cksypky vkfn dh Hkk"kk fganh gSA bl vFkZ esa fcgkjh
            (Hkkstiqjh] exgh vkSj eSfFkyh)] jktLFkkuh (ekjokM+h esokrh vkfn)] iwohZ fganh (vo/h] c?ksyh vkSj NÙkhlx<+h)
            igkM+h vkfn lHkh fganh dh foHkk"kk,¡ ekuh tk ldrh gSaA mlds cksyus okyksa dh la[;k yxHkx 11 djksM+ gSA ;g




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