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bdkbZ 3% Hkk"kkfoKku dk Lo:i ,oa {ks=k] Hkk"kk foKku osQ vè;;u dh fn'kk,¡% o.kZukRed] ,sfrgkfld ,oa rqyukRed
'kCn dk ewy vFkZ Fkk ^tks tYn u feys* vFkkZr~ nqyZHkA ijUrq vc ;g oj ds xkS.k vFkZ esa iz;qDr gksus yxk gSA uksV
vFkZ&foKku ds vUrxZr ckSf¼d fu;eksa dk Hkh vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA tc inksa ds fofo/&vFkZ&ifjorZu ds cqf¼xr
dkj.kksa dks n`f"V esa j[kdj mlls lEcfU/r fu;e cuk;s tkrs gSa rks mUgsa ckSf¼d fue; dgrs gSaA tSls ^Ldwy* 'kCn
ls ,d izdkj ds f'k{kk laLFkk dk cks/ gksrk gS rks ^ikB'kkyk* ls nwljs izdkj dh vkSj ^dkWyst* ls nwljs izdkj dh
f'k{kk laLFkk dk cks/ gksrk gSA
vFkZ foKku 'kCn dk vFkZ dk Hkh O;kid vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA 'kCn vkSj vFkZ dk rkRi;Z] mudk Lo:i] ikjLifjd
lEcU/ vkfn dk vè;;u blh 'kk[kk ds vUnj gksrk gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu
fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1- Hkk"kkfoKku dh izeq[k -------------- 'kk[kk,¡A
2- Hkk"kk dh lajpuk --------------- vk/kj ij gksrh gSA
3- lkFkZd okD;ksa osQ leqPp; dk uke ----------------- gSA
4- ^nqygk* 'kCn dk orZeku o xkS.k vFkZ ---------------- gSA
3-3 Hkk"kkfoKku osQ vè;;u dh fn'kk,¡% o.kZukRed] rqyukRed ,oa ,sfrgkfld
bls Hkk"kk foKku osQ vè;;u dh iz.kkfy;k¡ Hkh dgrs gSaA Hkk"kkfoKku esa ,d Hkk"kk] nks Hkk"kkvksa vFkok fofo/ Hkk"kkvksa
dk fof'k"V vè;;u djrs gSaA Hkk"kk osQ mPpfjr ;k fyf[kr vFkok nksuksa Lo:iksa ij ¯pru fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkk"kkfoKku&vè;;u dh oqQN iz.kkfy;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaA
1- o.kZukRed i¼fr (Discriptive Linguistics)µtc fdlh Hkk"kk osQ fof'k"V dky dk laxBukRed
vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS] rks mls o.kZukRed vè;;u dgrs gSaA izfl¼ fo}ku ikf.kfu osQ v"Vè;k;h esa blh izdkj
dk Hkk"kk&vè;;u izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blesa Hkk"kk osQ laKk] loZuke] fØ;k rFkk fo'ks"k.k vkfn dh o.kZukRed leh{kk
djrs gq, èofu] 'kCn okD; vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk dh lHkh bdkb;ksa ij vè;;u djrs gq, muls
lacaf/r fu;e fu/kZfjr fd, tkrs gSaA bl i¼fr esa Hkk"kk osQ lhfer dky dk gh vè;;u gksrk gS] fiQj Hkh bldk
izkphu dky ls fo'ks"k egRo jgk gSA bl izdkj osQ vè;;u esa Hkk"kk osQ lk/q&vlk/q :iksa ij ¯pru djrs gq, èofu]
'kCn vkfn bdkb;ksa :ih 'kjhjkax osQ lkFk mldh vFkZ :ih vkRek ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku le; esa
o.kZukRed i¼fr osQ Hkk"kk&vè;;u dh vksj fo}kuksa dk fo'ks"k >qdko fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA
2- ,sfrgkfld vè;;u (Historical Linguistics)µbl i¼fr esa Hkk"kk fo'ks"k osQ dky&Øfed fodkl
dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh fo'ks"k Hkk"kk osQ dkyksa osQ fooj.kkRed vè;;u dks dkyØe ls O;ofLFkr
dj fn;k tk,] rks ,sfrgkfld vè;;u gks tk,xkA
Hkk"kk&fodkl ;k ifjorZu dh fofHkUu /kjkvksa dk vè;;u blh i¼fr esa gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa osQ
fodkl&Øe esa ¯gnh dk vè;;u djuk pkgsa] rks blh i¼fr ls oSfnd laLÑr] ykSfdd laLÑr] izkÑr] viHkza'k]
Hkk"kkvksa ij fopkj djrs gq, ¯gnh Hkk"kk dk vè;;u fd;k tk,xkA ;fn ¯gnh 'kCnksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl tkuuk
pkgsaxs] rks laLÑr] ikyh] izkÑr vkSj viHkza'k osQ lkFk ¯gnh dk dkyØfed vè;;u djuk gksxk_ ;Fkk&deZ
(laLÑr) > dEe (izkÑr) > dke (¯gnh)] Hkk"kk fpj ifjorZu'khy gSA le; rFkk LFkku ifjorZu osQ lkFk Hkk"kk
esa ifjorZu gksuk LokHkkfod gh gSA le;≤ ij Hkk"kk dh èofu;ksa] 'kCnksa rFkk okD;ksa esa gh ugha vFkZ esa Hkh ifjorZu
gksrk jgrk gSA ;g ifjorZu gesa ,sfrgkfld i¼fr osQ vè;;u ls gh Kkr gksrk gSA ;g Hkk"kk vè;;u dh egRoiw.kZ
i¼fr gSA
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