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Methodology of Social Research

notes facts, collection and writings, (c) to categorize the material thus obtained, (d) scientific conclusion and
implementation of general laws. This method is used in scientific studies in every science that is why
it is called general method. (2) But because social happenings have a specific nature which requires a
specific or particular method. For example, historical method, logical method, comparative method,
case study method etc. we will explain few of these methods and basis of research here.
Logical method: initialy researchers used this method a lot, on the basis of logic they defined ‘method’.
According to Cossa, “ A method means a logical process which is used to find truth and to show
it”.
According to logical method there are two methods; Deductive and Inductive.

5.2 Deductive Method

Meaning—We start our studies under this method following certain beliefs and use logic to get
conclusion. in this the process of logic is from general to particular.

Notes Under this process we establish particular truth on the basis of general truth, that
means on the basis of general we speculate particular truth, and support it on the
basis of logic.

thus the conclusions which are drawn are followed during subject study. this way under deductive
method conclusions are taken out on the basis of original beliefs and thoughts and logic are very
important in this. for example, if we accept this truth that man is mortal then on this basis we can draw
the conclusion that Dinanath is a mortal because he is a man. similarly we think that man behaves
rationally which means that people want to maximize their satisfaction. on this general belief we use
logic and conclude that a particular person will maximize his contentment. this is clear that related to
human behaviour and nature whatever general perceptions are, important conclusion can be drawn
with the help of deductive method.

Did You Know? Professor Boulding has named deductive method “a method of intellectual
experiment”.

real world is complex that’s why it cannot be studied in its real form. initially we start with simple
situations and beliefs and gradually keep adding complex beliefs so that reality can be reached.
Merits of the Method—(1) Simplicity is the main quality because under this complex and difficult
work as collecting data and analysis is not done but only simple belief and logic is used to get results.
(2) certainty and clarity is the second quality of this method. if beliefs are correct then results are
too certain and clear and mistakes can be corrected by logic. (3) Universality is another quality which
has proven correct in every country and every time because they are based on human nature and
behavioural facts. (4) impartiality- conclusions are drawn on the basis of logic and truth so a scholar
cannot influence the result by his thoughts and opinions.
Demerits of the Method—(1) it is said that deductive methods are normally removed from the reality
which means the basis of belief are normally not exact and the results are not scientific and real but

42 loVely professional uniVersity