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Unit-5: Induction and Deduction, Prepositions, Syllogism and Logical Fallacies

only intellectual toys. (2) the results by this method are not universal because social conditions do notes
not remain same in different societies and period. Professor A.P. Learner has said that deductive
armchair analysis cannot be considered universal.

5.3 Inductive Method

In this method we go from a specific to general, from micro to macro. That means the process of
logic is from particular to general. Under this method logically some particular incidents truths are
studied and general principals are formed. After this on the basis of experience and practice this
general principle is checked. for example, to notice different people dying generally this conclusion
is drawn that man is mortal. similarly when fathers get married to have a step mother in the family
it is seen that many children become juvenile criminals. Here the process of logic goes from specific
to general. Clearly laws are formed on the basis of experience and is called empirical method. few
people call it historical method because different incidents of the past are studied in sequence and
social laws are formed under induction method.
Merit of the Methods—(1)the conclusion drawn with this process are close to reality because
this is based on real incidents and facts. (2) the point of view is dynamic because in changed
situation whatever new facts and incidents are seen they are considered while deriving conclusions.
(3) Conclusions can be checked and rechecked in this because they can be checked by facts or changed
facts. (4) this process is complimentary to deduction method which means that conclusions drawn
through deduction can be corrected by this method.
Demerits of Method—(1) This is a difficult process because sequence of different specific incident
is not easy to find, a special training is required. (2) Conclusions drawn through this process are not
exact specially in limited area and where conclusions are derived from few limited data. (3) there is
probability of biased conclusion and the researcher can mould the data as he wishes. statistics and
prove anything, this statement is used on this method only.(4) in this method out of two things one
is a reason and second is conclusion. for example, if there are both a stepmother and juvenile crime
in the family than a stepmother is considered a reason and crime is considered a result. But this is
wrong and is done in induction method. Prof Bolding has written “if too things are seen together in
some conditions to think that they are related is the most dangerous myth of statistical research.” .

self assessment

1. research work in induction method is done by ____________ method of deduction.
2. This _____________ is verified on the basis of experience and use.
3. To scientifically check and serialize of ______________ events are not easy.

5.4 summary

y in the beginning scholars used to emphasize logical Methods.
y According to Prof Kosa, method means a logical process which is used to find facts and show
them.
y In deduction method on the bases of general facts, specific facts are found and verified by
logic.
y induction method and deduction work best together.

loVely professional uniVersity 43